LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Class 


Soules  Practical  Method  of  Training 

TELEGRAPHY 

RAILROADING,  EXPRESS 

AND  FREIGHT 


JACKSONVILLE,  FLORIDA 
1911 


COPYRIGHT,  1911 
BY  JULIEN  E.   SOULE 


THE   UNIVERSITY   PRESS,   CAMBRIDGE,   U.  S.  A. 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER  PAGE 
I     Circuit  —  Composition  of  Batteries  —  Condi- 
tion of  Batteries  —  Dry  Batteries  —  Ques- 
tions      i 

II  Alphabet  by  Sound  —  Plan  of  Teaching  Alpha- 
bet —  Short  Words  for  Practice  ....  3 

III  The  Switchboard  — Use  of  the  Ground  Wire 

-Use  of  the  Relay  — Questions  .     ...       8 

IV  Transmitting  Messages — Concerning  Messages 

—  Night  Message — Day  Message — Neces- 
sary Abbreviations  —  Questions    .     .     .     .     1 1 

V  Rules  to  be  observed  by  Sending  Operator  — 
Messages  to  more  than  One  Address  — 
Number  Reports  —  Wire  Tests — Questions  1 6 

VI  Receiving  Messages  —  Words  to  be  Counted 
and  Charged  for  —  Regarding  Checks  and 
Messages  —  Night  Messages  —  Profane 
Messages  —  Franks  —  Railroad  Messages 

—  Service    Messages  —  Personal   Messages 

—  Free  and  Half-rate  Message  Checks  — 
Questions 20 

VII  Cable  Messages  —  Messages  by  Cable" —  Plain 
Messages  — Code  Messages  —  Cipher  Mes- 
sages —  Counting  Words  —  Cable  Business 

—  Questions 30 


224462 


iv  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

VIII    Wireless  Telegraphy  —  Fitting  up  a  Station 

—  Messages  —  Questions 34 

IX    Delivery  of  Messages  —  Questions    ....     37 

X    Accounts,  Reports,  and  Remittances  for  Offices 

—  Entry  of  Other  Line  Messages  —  Record 
of  Cable  Messages  —  Uncollect,  Guaran- 
teed, Half-rate,  and  Free  Messages  —  Fil- 
ing Messages — Monthly  Reports  —  Paid 
Other   Lines  —  Received  for  t  Guaranteed 
Messages — Refunded  and  Uncollectible — 
Check  Reports  — Free  Message  Reports — 
Vouchers,  how  Made  out,  Numbered,  etc. 

—  Service  Vouchers  —  Error  Sheets — Bal- 
ance   Due    Companies  —  Remittances  — 
Bank  Deposits  —  Questions 40 

XI  Railroad  Telegraphy  —  Train  Orders  —  Man- 
ner of  Transmitting  a  Train  Order  —  Rules 
regarding  Train  Orders  —  Train  Reports 

—  Accident  Reports  — Telegraph  Operator 

—  Monthly  Reports  —  Questions     ...      50 

XII  Way  Bills,  Bills  of  Lading,  etc.  —  Classifica- 
tion of  Articles  —  Money  Orders  —  Rail- 
road Telegrams  —  Telegraph  Operator  .  60 

XIII  Filing  —  Questions 72 

XIV  Signals  —  Hand  Flag  and   Lamp  Signals  — 

Audible  Signals  — Air  Whistles  and  Bell- 
cord  Signals  —  Train  Signals  —  Questions       75 

XV  Relief  Department  —  Certificate  of  Member- 
ship—  Questions 78 

XVI    Time  Tables  79 


CONTENTS  v 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

XVII  Duties  of  Officers  —  Train  Master  —  Super- 
intendent of  Telegraph  —  Chief  Train 
Dispatcher  —  Train  Dispatcher  —  Station 
Master — Passenger  Conductor  —  Baggage 
Master  —  Passenger  Brakeman  —  Yard 
Master  —  Freight  Conductor  —  Flagman 

—  Freight   Brakeman  —  Station  Agent  — 
Station  Baggage  Agent — Road  Foreman  of 
Engines — Engineman  — Master  Mechanic 

—  Engine  House  Foreman  — Car  Inspector 

—  Supervisor  of  Buildings  —  Road  Master 
—Work  Trains  —  Trestle  Foreman  —  Sec- 
tion Foreman  —  Road  and  Bridge  Watch- 
men —  General  Rules  —  Caution      ...      80 


TELEGRAPHY 


CHAPTER  I 

CIRCUIT 

A  CIRCUIT  is  formed  by  two  wires  connecting  the  key 
and  sounder  of  the  instrument  with  the  battery. 

It  is  the  consummation  of  the  minerals  composing 
the  batteries  that  occasions  the  friction  necessary  to 
move  the  instrument  or  cause  the  sounder  to  vibrate. 
Without  a  complete  circuit  the  instrument  will  not 
sound,  for  there  is  no  friction. 

The  action  of  one  mineral  or  metal  upon  another 
causes  this  movement. 

COMPOSITION  OF  BATTERIES 

Wet  batteries,  generally  used  by  telegraph  com- 
panies, are  composed  of  water,  blue-stone,  copper, 
and  zinc. 

CONDITION  OF  BATTERIES 

Batteries  must  be  kept  in  good  condition;  that  is, 
cleaned  and  renewed  about  every  three  months.  The 
crow-feet,  or  zincs,  must  be  well  covered  by  water. 
A  good  protection  for  a  battery,  after  it  is  made  up, 
is  linseed  oil  poured  over  the  top  of  the  water.  This 


2  TELEGRAPHY 

I 

prevents  the  water  from  evaporating,  while  it  does 
not  affect  the  friction  at  all. 


DRY  BATTERIES 

Dry  batteries,  sometimes  used  by  telephone  com- 
panies and  short  line  telegraph  offices,  are  composed 
of  carbon  and  zinc.  The  term  "dry"  is  not  strictly 
correct,  but  the  electrotype  is  so  prepared  that  it 
cannot  spill  out  of  the  jar. 

The  glass  jar  is  replaced  by  a  zinc  cup,  which  serves 
the  double  purpose  of  being  the  retaining  cup,  and  the 
positive  element. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Of  what  does  a  circuit  consist? 

2.  Is  one  wire  sufficient  to  form  a  complete  circuit? 

3.  Of  what  is  a  wet  battery  composed? 

4.  How  should  a  battery  be  kept?     Name  a  good 

protection  for  a  battery. 

5.  Of  what  is  a  dry  battery  composed? 

6.  Is  a  dry  battery  as  strong  and  lasting  as  a  wet 

battery?    Can  you  give  a  reason? 


CHAPTER  II 

ALPHABET  BY  SOUND 

El     S  H  P  6 

A  U  V  4 

N  D   B  8 

T  M  5 

L  o 

F  K   2 

O  R   & 

C  Y  Z 

K  J 

Q  3 

G  7 

W  i 


A  .-    B  -...    C  ..  .    D  -..    E  .    F  .-.    G--. 
H....I..J-.-.    K-.-L-         M-N-. 

O   .   .     P   Q    ..-.     R  .  ..     S    ...    T  - 

U  ..-       V  ...-       W  .-         X  .-..       Y  ..  .. 
Z  ....&....      i  .--.      2  ..-..      3  ...-. 

4  ...•-      5  -  6 7  -  -..     8  -.... 

9  -..-     o  — 

.    ..--••  ,  .-.-  ; ,:-•-.  •  ()' -. 

"  "  ..-.-.     Paragraph  - 

Practice  the  above  sounds  on  the  instrument,  not 
allowing  the  pupil  to  have  the  dot-dash  plan  before 
him. 


TELEGRAPHY 


Teaching  by  sound  accomplishes  the  very  best 
results. 

PLAN  or  TEACHING  ALPHABET 

After  teaching  the  letters  made  by  dots  (e,  i,  s,  h,  p, 
6),  the  characters  made  by  dashes  (t,  m,  5,  1,  o)  are 
taught,  to  show  the  pupil  the  difference  between 
dots,  dashes,  and  long  dashes. 

The  balance  of  the  alphabet  and  figures,  etc.,  is 
taught  from  these,  thus: 


A 

ET 

U 

IT 

V 

ST 

4 

HT 

N 

TE 

D 

TI 

B 

TS 

8 

TH 

W 

EM 

G 

ME 

7 

MI 

F 

EN 

K 

NT 

2 

UI 

J 

NN 

9 

DT 

I 

AN 

p 

DN 

X 

AI 

. 

UD 

Q 

UE 

j 

AA 

3 

VE 

> 

SI 

0 

E  E 

; 

KO 

R 

E  I 

0 

PN 

& 

E  S 

Quotation 

::  QN 

C 

I  E 

Paragraph 

:  :  MM 

Y 

I  I 

Z 

S  E 

(The  spaces  are  made  between  certain  characters 
to  make  the  work  plain  to  the  teacher.) 


SHORT  WORDS  FOR  PRACTICE 

A  At,  at,  at,  an,  an,  an,  am,  am,  am,  and,  and,  and, 
as,  as,  as,  all,  all,  all,  are,  are,  are,  aim,  aim, 
aim. 


ALPHABET   BY    SOUND  5 

B      Be,  be,  be,  by,  by,  by,  bat,  bat,  bat,  but,  but,  but, 

bar,  bar,  bar,  ball,  ball,  ball,  been,  been,  been, 

bear,  bear. 
C      Cut,  cut,  cut,  cur,  cur,  cur,  cot,  cot,  cot,  cap,  cap, 

cap,  case,  case,  case,  can,  can,  can,  cure,  cure, 

cure,  camp. 
D      Do,  do,  do,  dye,  dye,  dye,  die,  die,  die,  due,  due, 

due,  dare,  dare,  dare,  desk,  desk,  desk,  den,  den, 

den,  deliver. 
E      Ear,  ear,  ear,  eat,  eat,  eat,  ease,  ease,  ease,  early, 

early,  earn,  earn,  earn,  ever,  ever,  ever,  eel,  eel, 

eel,  east,  east. 
F      Fan,  fan,  fan,  fat,  fat,  fat,  foe,  foe,  foe,  feet,  feet, 

feet,  fear,  fear,  fear,  far,  far,  far,  farm,  farm, 

farm. 
G      Go,  go,  go,  get,  get,  get,  gas,  gas,  gas,  gone,  gone, 

gone,  gear,  gear,  gear,  George,  George,  George, 

gun,  gun,  gun. 
H     Has,  has,  has,  he,  he,  he,  have,  have,  have,  have, 

her,  her,  her,  here,  here,  here,  hear,  hear,  hear, 

him,  him,  him,  his. 
I       It,  it,  it,  is,  is,  is,  if,  if,  if,  ice,  ice,  ice,  ire,  ire,  ire, 

in,  in,  in,  ill,  ill,  ill. 
J       Joe,  Joe,  Joe,  James,  James,  James,  join,  join, 

join,  jet,  jet,  jet,  joy,  joy,  joy,  joist,  joist,  joist, 

just,  just. 
K  Key,  key,  key,  kiss,  kiss,  kiss,  kite,  kite,  kite, 

Kate,  kind,  kind,  kind,  know,  know,  know, 

kneel,  kneel,  kneel,  kin. 
L      Let,  let,  let,  lie,  lie,  lie,  like,  like,  like,  love,  love, 

love,  live,  live,  live,  less,  less,  less,  loan,  loan, 

lend. 


6  TELEGRAPHY 

M     Me,  me,  me,  my,  my,  my,  mine,  mine,  mine, 

meet,  meet,  meet,  more,  more,  more,  mist, 

mist,  mist,  must,  must,  must,  meat. 
N      No,  no,  no,  night,  night,  night,  nay,  nay,  nay, 

none,  none,  none,  ninety,  ninety,  ninety,  nine, 

nine,  nine,  net,  net,  net. 
0      Of,  of,  of,  on,  on,  on,  one,  one,  one,  ore,  ore,  ore, 

over,  over,  over,  oar,  oar,  oar,  other,  other, 

other,  oil,  oil,  oil. 
P      Pay,  pay,  pay,  pan,  pan,  pan,  pain,  pain,  pain, 

pair,  pair,  pin,  pin,  pin,  pass,  pass,  pass,  pie, 

pie,  pie,  post,  post. 
Q      Quick,  quick,  quick,  quote,  quote,  quote,  quire, 

quire,    quire,    queer,    queer,    queer,   question, 

question,  question. 
R      Race,  race,  race,  row,  row,  row,  rue,  rue,  rue, 

rear,  rear,  rear,  ream,  ream,  ream,  rose,  rose, 

rose,  raise,  raise,  rut. 
S       So,  so,  so,  saw,  saw,  saw,  sun,  sun,  sun,  seem, 

seem,  seem,  sad,  sad,  sad,  sin,  sin,  sin,  sign, 

sign,  sign,  set,  set. 
T      To,  to,  to,  too,  too,  too,  tie,  tie,  tie,  tye,  tye,  tye, 

two,  two,  two,  the,  the,  the,  there,  there,  there, 

these,  these,  these,  these,  them,  them,  them, 

that,  that,  that,  their,  their,  their,  they,  they, 

they,  then,  then,  then. 
U      Use,  use,  use,  unite,  unite,  unite,  union,  union, 

union,  ugly,  ugly,  ugly,  unity,  unity,  unity. 
V      Vim,  vim,  vim,  vain,   vain,   vain,   vain,  voice, 

voice,  voice,  vice,  vice,  vice,  vine,  vine,  vine, 

vine,  vein,  vein,  vain. 
W     Way,  way,  way,  wire,  wire,  wire,  while,  while, 


ALPHABET   BY    SOUND  7 

while,  was,  was,  was,  who,  who,  who,  wo,  wo, 
wo,  were,  were,  were,  when. 

X  Express,  express,  express,  extra,  extra,  extra,  ex- 
empt, exempt,  exempt,  expire,  expire. 

Y  You,  you,  you,  yet,  yet,  yet,  year,  year,  year, 
yes,  yes,  yes,  yon,  yon,  yon,  ye,  ye,  ye. 

Z  Zest,  zest,  zest,  zeal,  zeal,  zeal,  zone,  zone,  zone, 
zoo. 

NOTE.  —  Let  the  pupil  become  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  the  above  short  words,  before  attempt- 
ing any  special  reading  matter. 


CHAPTER  III 

THE   SWITCHBOARD 

THE  use  of  the  switchboard  is  to  connect,  or  "cut 
out,"  other  offices,  or  in  other  words  to  connect  the 
current,  or  cut  off  the  current. 


M 

t  \ 
w 

1     2 

(  \ 
\J 

M 

o 

)( 

o 

)( 

O     3O 

The  Switchboard 

Discs  are  connected  only  across  the  switchboard. 
All  of  rows  4  and  5  connect  with  the  relay  and  key. 
All  of  row  6  connects  with  the  ground. 

The  switchboard  is  simply  a  board  of  well  seasoned 
wood,  fitted  in  front  with  metal  strips  running  verti- 
cally, and  terminating  in  the  thumbscrews.  Hori- 
zontally across  the  board  are  rows  of  small  circles  of 
metal,  called  discs,  whose  stems  pass  through  the 
board,  at  the  back  of  which  each  row  is  connected 
with  a  wire  terminating  in  front  at  one  side  of  the 
board.  The  strips  and  discs  are  so  constructed  with 


THE    SWITCHBOARD  9 

reference  to  each  other  that  connection  can  be  made 
between  them  by  a  metal  peg.  The  different  rows  of 
discs  (each  row  having  a  connecting  wire  at  the 
back)  have  their  terminals  in  the  thumbscrews  3,4,  5, 
6,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  diagram.  Screws 
4  and  5  make  direct  connection  with  the  relay  and 
key,  and  screw  6  makes  connection  with  the  ground. 

Suppose  the  way  stations  are  to  be  between  Phila- 
delphia and  Brooklyn.  Let  M-i  represent  Phila- 
delphia and  M-2  represent  Brooklyn.  By  connecting 
the  two  with  disc  3,  the  terminal  stations  can  work 
with  each  other,  but  the  way  stations  are  "cut  out." 

Move  the  pegs  in  M-i  3,  and  M-i  4,  and  the  main 
line  circuit  is  open,  because  there  is  only  connection 
between  discs  of  the  same  row.  Move  the  discs  in 
3  2,  and  5  2,  and  the  apparatus  is  said  to  be  "cut  in." 
If  the  learner  will  remember  that  the  discs  are  only 
connected  with  each  other  in  straight  lines  across  the 
board  he  can  trace  out  for  himself  other  connections 
and  the  changes  they  bring  in  the  circuit. 

Remove  the  pegs  from  i  4  to  i  6,  and  from  5  2  to 
6  2,  and  the  wires  from  both  directions  are  grounded. 

When  the  operator  leaves  the  office  his  pegs  should 
be  in  i  3  to  3  2,  or  "cut  out." 

USE  or  THE  GROUND  WIRE 

A  ground  wire  is  necessary  to  ground  all  messages 
during  a  storm,  or  at  other  times  when  friction  may 
be  very  great  in  order  to  prevent  danger. 

To  ground  a  message  means  to  ground  or  stop  the 
current  at  that  point.  In  this  way  other  offices  may 
be  cut  out. 


io  TELEGRAPHY 

USE  OF  THE  RELAY 

In  case  of  long  distance  lines  the  relay  is  used, 
because  it  is  better  balanced  than  the  sounder  and 
more  easily  moved,  causing  clearer  vibrations. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Of  what  use  is  the  switchboard? 

2.  How  is  the  switchboard  connected  with  the  in- 

strument? 

3.  Is  a  switchboard  necessary  on  the  line,  and  why? 

4.  How  do  you  connect  North  and  South  on  the 

switchboard?    Northeast  with  Southwest? 

5.  How  do  you  stop  the  current? 

6.  How  do  you  ground  messages?    Of  what  use  is  the 

ground  wire? 


CHAPTER  IV 

TRANSMITTING  MESSAGES 

IN  calling  another  office  the  operator  will  sign  his 
own  office  call,  or  signature,  at  short  intervals.  New 
York  calls  Chicago  thus:  "  CO  CO  CO"  and  signs 
"NY,"  repeating  the  same  many  times  in  succession 
until  Chicago  responds,  "II  II  CO." 

After  receiving  response  from  the  distant  office,  the 
sending  operator  proceeds  with  the  message  in  the 
following  order: 

1—  Hr     .    .    .    .  Meaning  here,  or  at  the  key. 

2—  Tru  or  City.    A  through  message,  or  city  mes- 

sage. 

3—  Red  ....   If  the  word  "Red"  is  sent,  the 

receiving  operator  will  use  a 
"Night  Message  Blank,"  as  by 
it  is  designated  the  Night 
Message. 

4—  No    ....    Meaning  number  of  the  message. 

5—      The   operator's  personal   signal, 

or  call. 

6 —  Check  .    .    .   Check  of  the  message. 

7—  Fm    ....   From  place,  followed  by  date  of 

message. 

8 —  To     ....  The  address  of  the  message,  fol- 

lowed by  the  period. 

9— Body  of  message. 

Sig    .    .    .    .   Meaning  signature,  followed  by 
the  signature  of  the  message. 


12  TELEGRAPHY 

CONCERNING  MESSAGES 

Two  forms  of  message  blanks  are  used.  One  is 
known  as  the  day  message,  the  other  as  the  night 
message,  which  is  designated  by  the  word  "Red," 
sent  after  "Tru"  or  "City"  in  the  regular  form  of 
messages.  The  Night  Message  blanks  are  printed 
with  red  ink  to  designate  them  from  the  Day  blanks. 

After  the  signal  "II  II,"  etc.,  from  a  distant  office 
is  given  in  response  to  a  call,  the  sending  operator  will 
transmit  the  abbreviation  uHr,"  meaning  here,  or  at 
the  key.  Then  "Tru,"  meaning  through  message,  fol- 
lowed by  the  number  of  the  message,  the  personal 
call  of  the  sender,  the  check  meaning  the  number  of 
words  in  the  message,  and  "Fm,"  followed  by  the  city 
or  station  from  which  the  message  is  dated.  Then 
follows  the  date,  which  comprises  the  date  of  the 
month  only,  but  the  receiving  operator  completes  the 
date  by  the  number  of  the  month  and  year.  "To"  is 
followed  by  the  address  of  the  party  to  whom  the 
message  is  addressed  or  sent.  All  superfluous  words 
in  any  address  are  counted  in  the  check.  The  word 
"Collect"  is  also  counted  in  the  check,  but  not 
charged  for.  After  the  address  a  period  is  trans- 
mitted as  the  signal  of  the  body  of  the  message  which 
follows,  and  this  is  also  followed  by  a  period.  Then 
"Sig,"  meaning  signature,  is  sent,  followed  by  the 
signature  of  the  writer  of  the  message. 

City  messages  contain  the  word  "City"  instead  of 
"Tru"  in  the  regular  forms. 

The  sending  operator  will  write  upon  each  message 
sent  the  time  of  sending,  and  his  own  and  the  receiv- 
ing operator's  personal  signal  or  call. 


TRANSMITTING   MESSAGES  13 

NOTE.  —  In  recent  messages  the  sending  operator 
omits  his  personal  signal  or  call  which  of  course  does 
not  appear  upon  the  face  of  telegram.  However, 
this  is  not  in  compliance  with  rules. 

NIGHT  MESSAGE 


Receiver's  No. 
14 

Time  Filled 
7:PM 

Check 
8  Paid 

SEND     the  following  night  message  subject  to  the  ) 
terms  on  back  hereof,  which  are  hereby  agreed  to.      j 

July  15  1910 

TO  CARRUTHERS  PRODUCE  Co., 

CLEVELAND,  O. 


Have 

shipped 

five 

cases 

eggs 

to-days 

express. 

J.  MCCALL  &  CO. 

DAY  MESSAGE 


RECEIVED  at  49  Broadway,  New  York. 
43  C  Ho  Fi  9  Paid, 

PHILADELPHIA,  Pa.,  July  28,  1910. 
JOHN  BRADLEE, 

126  Chambers  St., 
NEW  YORK. 

Wynoma  expects  to  arrive  New  York  second  or 
third  August. 

CAREY  &  Co. 

11:48  AM 


TELEGRAPHY 


NECESSARY  ABBREVIATIONS 


OK 

Fm 

Opr 

Tru 

No 

Biz 

Wo 

U 

RR 

DN 


GN 


Sg* 


All  right 

From 

Operator 

Through 

Number 

Business 

Who 

You 

Repeat,  or  Railroad 

?  (used  when  error 
occurs  in  trans- 
mitting message) 

Good  Night 

Train  Order 
Wait  a  minute 
Signature 


AM 

PM 

M 

Red 

Eng 

C 

E 

Min 

Com 

Hr 


OT 
II 

DH 


Forenoon 

Afternoon 

Noon 

Night  message 

Engine 

Conductor 

Engineer 

Minute 

Complete 

Here  at  the  key, 
or  at  the  begin- 
ning of  every 
message. 

On  time 

Answer  to  call. 
Here 

Dead  Head,  or 
free  message 


QUESTIONS 


1.  How  many  forms  of  message  blanks  are  used? 

2.  How  is  the  night  message  designated  from  the 

day  message? 

3.  Give  the  regular  form  of  a  message. 

4.  Give  the  form  of  a  night  message. 

5.  What  is  meant  by  the  word  "Tru"  or  "City"? 

6.  What  is  meant  by  the  word  "Red"  in  a  message? 

7.  What  is  meant  by  the  check  of  a  message? 

8.  How  would  you  call  up  another  office  to  trans- 

mit a  message? 


TRANSMITTING   MESSAGES  15 

9.   How  would  you  answer  a  call  from  a  distant 
office? 

10.  What  is  meant  by  the  abbreviation  "HR"? 

11.  What  personal  calls  or  signals  must  appear  on  the 

message?  (Ans.  That  of  the  sender  and  re- 
ceiver of  the  message,  in  spaces  marked  "Sent 
by "  and  " Reed,  by.") 

12.  Is  it  necessary  to  mark  the  time  received  on  a 

message?    Why? 

13.  What  is  meant  by  "Sg  or  Sig"? 

14.  What  is  meant  by  "body  of  the  message"? 

15.  What  words  are  counted  in  the  check? 

1 6.  Is  the  address  of  a  person  counted  in  the  check? 

17.  Write  out  a  telegram  as  sent.     Write  one  as 

received. 


CHAPTER  V 

RULES  TO  BE  OBSERVED  BY  SENDING  OPERATOR 

THE  sending  operator  will  decide  the  route  of  the 
message. 

In  sending  a  message  the  operator  will  observe  the 
following  order  of  transmission: 

1  —  The  number  of  the  message. 

2  —  The  operator's  personal  signal  or  call. 

3  —  The  check  of  the  message. 

4  —  The  place  from  and  date  of  the  message. 

5  —  The  address  of  the  message. 

6  —  The  body  and  signature  of  the  message. 

All  figures  and  words  in  the  check  of  a  message  will 
be  transmitted  except,  - 

1  —  The  amount  of  tolls  in  case  of  a  prepaid  message 

to  a  this  line  office. 

2  —  The  reason  why  free,  in  case  of  a  free  message. 
The  sending  operator  will  write  upon  each  message 

sent,  the  time  of  sending,  and  his  own  and  the  re- 
ceiving operator's  personal  signal  or  call. 

No  message  will  be  regarded  as  sent  until  acknowl- 
edged by  the  receiving  office  by  the  usual  signal  (OK) ; 
but  if  a  number  of  messages  be  transmitted  in  succes- 
sion, the  acknowledgment  of  the  last  is  sufficient  for 
all. 

When  messages  cannot  be  properly  transmitted  the 
operator  will  note  the  cause  on  the  back  of  the  mes- 


RULES    BY    SENDING   OPERATOR       17 

sage,  and  report  same  to  the  chief  operator,  or  man- 
ager. 

In  receiving  a  message  the  operator  will  write  his 
personal  signal  in  the  space  headed  "Received  by;" 
he  will  write  the  name  of  his  office  immediately  after, 
and  on  the  same  line  with  the  words  "Received  at" 
and  the  time  of  the  reception  of  the  message  also  on 
the  line,  or  immediately  over  the  check.  The  ac- 
knowledgment of  the  receipt  of  a  message  will  be  made 
by  transmitting  the  signal  (OK)  and  the  receiving 
operator's  personal  signal  or  call. 

The  receiving  operator  will  count  the  words,  verify 
the  check,  and  satisfy  himself  that  a  message  is  cor- 
rect before  allowing  it  to  leave  his  hands. 

MESSAGES  TO  MORE  THAN  ONE  ADDRESS 

When  a  message  is  addressed  to  A  or  B,  it  may  be 
sent  as  a  single  message,  but  if  addressed  to  A  and  B, 
or  to  several  persons,  the  order  of  its  transmission 
will  be  determined  by  the  manager,  or  chief  operator, 
of  the  sending  office,  so  as  to  use  the  facilities  at  his 
command  to  best  advantage. 

Night  messages  are  sent  as  far  as  possible  on  the 
day  of  date.  If  any  night  messages  are  left  over  until 
the  next  morning,  they  are  transmitted  before  new 
business. 

If  to  correct  an  error  in  a  message,  or  for  any  other 
reason,  a  second  transmission  is  necessary,  the  send- 
ing operator  will  begin  with  the  word  "Duplicate," 
which  the  receiving  operator  will  write  conspicuously 
on  the  form  above  the  message. 

No  operator  will  change  his  personal  signal  with- 


i8  TELEGRAPHY 

out  the  consent  of  the  manager,  nor  will  two  operators 
in  the  same  office  have  the  same  signal. 

Contention  for  circuit  is  positively  prohibited. 

NUMBER  REPORTS 

At  each  office  before  closing,  the  operators  will  ex- 
amine the  number  sheets,  exchange  number  reports 
of  the  day's  business  with  other  offices,  and  immedi- 
ately correct  any  errors  discovered. 

At  each  office  it  is  the  duty  of  some  employee  be- 
fore filing  for  record  all  sent  messages  to  see  that  they 
bear  the  proper  indication  of  transmission. 

WIRE  TESTS 

The  word  "Wire"  will  give  the  right  to  circuit  at 
all  times  for  testing,  which  is  made  by  the  manager, 
or  chief  operator. 

The  manager  of  the  principal  office  will  keep  a 
daily  diary  of  the  incidents  which  occur  on  the 
lines. 

The  ground  wire  is  only  used  in  the  event  of  an  in- 
terruption of  the  circuit,  and  then  only  to  notify  the 
chief,  or  testing,  operator  of  the  incident,  and  to  re- 
ceive instructions. 

Each  manager  will  see  that  the  local  batteries  are 
kept  in  good  condition,  and  that  each  cell  is  thor- 
oughly insulated,  so  as  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the 
current.  The  floors  and  fixtures  of  the  battery  room 
must  be  kept  scrutinously  clean  and  dry. 

Before  closing  the  office  for  the  night  care  must  be 
taken  to  cut  out  its  instruments,  and  make  sure  that 


RULES    BY    SENDING   OPERATOR       19 

the  circuit  through  the  switch,  or  cut-off,  is  complete, 
or,  in  other  words,  leave  the  pegs  in  discs  i  3  to  3  2 
on  the  switchboard. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Who  decides  the  route  of  a  message? 

2.  What  is  the  order  of  transmission  of  a  telegram? 

3.  What  figures  or  words  are  not  transmitted  in  the 

check  of  a  message? 

4.  What  should  the  sending  operator  write  upon  the 

message? 

5.  How  is  a  message  acknowledged  by  the  receiving 

office? 

6.  What  of  an  improper  transmission  of  a  message? 

7.  Where  is  the  time  of  the  reception  marked  on  a 

message?     Where  should  the  receiving  oper- 
ator's personal  signal  appear  on  the  message? 

8.  What  is  said  regarding  the  check  of  a  message  as 

to  approval? 

9.  What  of  messages  to  more  than  one  address? 

10.  What  is  said  of  night  messages? 

11.  What  is  said  of  repetition  of  a  message?    What 

word    is    transmitted    before    repeating    the 
message? 

12.  Wliat  is  said  of  contention  for  circuit? 

13.  What  are  number  reports?     Explain  them. 

14.  What  is  said  of  "sent"  messages? 

15.  What  right  does  the  transmission  of  the  word 

"Wire"  give  to  the  circuit? 

1 6.  When  is  the  ground  wire  used? 

17.  What  is  said  of  the  batteries,  etc.? 

1 8.  What  must  be  done  before  closing  the  office  for 

the  night? 


CHAPTER  VI 

RECEIVING  MESSAGES 

EACH  message  for  transmission  will  be  written  upon 
a  form  provided  for  the  purpose,  or  will  be  attached 
to  such  form  by  the  sender,  so  as  to  leave  the  printed 
heading  in  full  view  above  the  message. 

Each  message  will  be  timed  by  the  receiving  clerk, 
who  will  see  that  the  month  and  day  are  carefully 
noted  thereon;  he  will  also  carefully  read  each  mes- 
sage before  accepting  it,  and  when  necessary  will 
make  it  plain  by  marginal  notation,  before  it  is  sent 
to  the  operator. 

The  receiving  clerk  should  give  any  aid  or  ex- 
planation necessary  to  enable  the  sender  to  pre- 
pare his  message  so  that  errors  and  delays  may  be 
avoided. 

No  change  should  be  made  in  any  message  by  an 
employee  of  the  company,  but  misspelled  or  ab- 
breviated words  may  be  courteously  referred  to  the 
sender  for  correction.  If  the  sender  declines  to 
make  correction,  the  message  must  be  accepted  as 
written. 

The  importance  of  the  address  cannot  be  over- 
estimated. When  the  address  given  seems  insufficient, 
a  better  one  should  be  requested. 

If  a  message  be  offered  without  signature  the  send- 
er's attention  should  be  called  to  the  omission,  and  if 


RECEIVING   MESSAGES  21 

the  sender  then  declines  to  sign  the  message  the  re- 
ceiving clerk  will  write  in  place  of  the  signature  the 
words  "Not  signed" 

WORDS  TO  BE  COUNTED  AND  CHARGED  FOR 

In  a  prepaid  message,  the  following  words  will  be 
counted  and  charged  for: 

All  words  in  an  extra  date. 

All  extra  words  in  an  address. 

(In  the  address  of  a  message  to  one  person,  or  to  a 
firm,  or  to  Mr.  &  Mrs.  -  — ,  there  are  no  extra  words, 
but  in  the  address  of  a  message  to  either  of  two  or 
more  persons  in  the  same  place  or  town,  as  John 
Smith,  or  James  Brown,  80  Wall  St.,  New  York,  there 
are  three  extra  words,  viz.:  "or  James  Brown/'  which 
will  be  included  in  the  count  and  charged  for.) 

All  words,  figures,  and  letters,  as  per  list  given  be- 
low, in  the  body  of  the  message. 

All  signatures,  when  there  are  more  than  one,  ex- 
cept the  last. 

All  words  in  excess  of  two  in  a  title  after  the  last  or 
the  only  signature.  (In  a  signature  such  as  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  -  — ,  or  John  Smith  and  Family,  or  Henry  Jack- 
son, Vice-President,  there  are  no  extra  words,  but  in  a 
signature  such  as  James  Brown,  First  Vice-President 
and  Secretary,  there  are  two  extra  words,  viz.:  "And 
Secretary,"  which  will  be  included  in  the  count  and 
charged  for.) 

All  words  after  the  signature,  which  are  not  title 
words,  and  in  the  check,  the  words  "Deliver  and 
report  charges,"  "Delivery  charges  guaranteed," 
"Report  delivery,"  and  "Repeat  back."  In  a  collect 


22  TELEGRAPHY 

message,  this  rule  will  apply,  except  that  the  word 
" Collect"  in  the  check  will  be  counted  but  not 
charged  for. 

When  a  message  bears  two  or  more  addresses,  and 
the  delivery  is  to  be  made  to  each  address,  it  will  be 
charged  for  as  two  or  more  messages,  as  the  case  may 
be.  For  instance,  a  message  addressed  to  "  W.  Brown, 
197  Broadway,  and  B.  Wells,  60  Exchange  Place, 
N.  Y.,"  will  be  charged  as  two  messages.  The  addi- 
tional addresses  will  be  considered  as  extra  words. 

In  counting  a  message,  dictionary  words,  initial 
letters,  surnames  of  persons,  names  of  cities,  towns, 
villages,  states,  or  territories,  and  names  of  Canadian 
Provinces  will  be  counted  and  charged  for  each  as 
one  word.  Their  abbreviations  will  be  counted  and 
charged  for  as  if  written  in  full.  Abbreviations  in 
weights  and  measures  in  common  use  will  be  counted 
each  as  a  word. 

In  names  of  countries  or  counties,  all  words  will  be 
counted  and  charged  for. 

To  prevent  liability  of  error,  numbers  and  amounts 
should  be  written  in  words,  and  when  not  so  written, 
the  receiving  clerk  will  request  that  it  be  done.  If  the 
customer  refuses  to  write  the  amounts  in  words  the 
message  will  be  accepted  as  written,  and  the  figures 
counted  as  indicated  in  the  following  paragraph: 

Figures,  decimal  points  and  bars  of  division,  and 
letters  will  be  counted  each  separately  as  one  word, 
except  the  pronounceable  groups  of  letters,  when 
such  are  not  dictionary  words,  or  combination  of  dic- 
tionary words,  which  will  be  counted  at  the  rate  of 
ten  letters,  or  fractions  of  ten  letters,  to  a  word. 
When  such  are  made  up  as  combinations  of  dictionary 


RECEIVING   MESSAGES 


words  each  dictionary  word  will  be  counted  as  one 
word. 

In  ordinal  numbers  the  affixes  st,  d,  nd,  rd,  and  th 
will  each  be  counted  as  one  word.  Thus,  2nd  =  two 
words. 

Van  Dome i  word 

McGregor i  " 

O'Connor i  " 

DeWitt i  " 

Brown  Jr 2  " 

New  York i  " 

New  York  State 2  " 

D.  C.  or  District  of  Columbia i  " 

North  Carolina i  " 

Queen  Ann  County 3  " 

North  America      2  " 

U.  S 2  " 

4442 5  " 

428618 6  " 

743/4 5       " 

No  18-5  22nd  St 8 

10000000 8      " 

Ten  millions 2 

3d  (or  3rd) 2 

loth 3 

Lbs     i 

Cwt i 

Adbantia i       ' 

Byxtrmpo 8 

Xyfl94sm 8 

All-right  or  alright 2 

EXCEPTIONS 

A.M word 

P.M 

F.O.B.  (fob) 

C.O.D 

C.I.F.  or  C.F.I,  (or  cif  or  cfi) 

O.K 

C.A.F.  (or  caf) 

Per  cent  ...  .  i       " 


24  TELEGRAPHY 

REGARDING  CHECKS  AND  MESSAGES 

The  receiving  clerk's  check  upon  a  paid  or  collect 
message  will  be  made  in  accord  with  the  following 
examples : 

REMARKS. —  The  check  of  a  ten- word  message  to  a 
this  line  office  will  be,  for  example: 

"10  paid  25,"  or 

"  ii  collect." 

The  check  of  a  ten-word  message  to  another  line 
office  will  be,  for  example: 

"  10  paid  and  30  via  Chicago,"  or 

"n  collect,  25  via  Chicago." 

The  check  of  a  ten-word  message  for  special  de- 
livery from  a  this  line  office,  when  the  charges  are 
known,  will  be,  for  example: 

"10  paid,  25  and  i.oo  delivery"  or 

"  ii  collect."     (See  note  below.) 

If  the  delivery  charges  are  unknown  the  check  will 
be  as  follows: 

"  14  paid  33  deliver  and  report  charges/'  or 

"n  collect." 

If  the  delivery  charges  from  another  line  office  be, 
for  example,  fifty  cents,  and  the  this  line  office  and 
other  line  rates  each  twenty-five  cents,  the  check  will 
be: 

"10  paid  25  and  75  via  Chicago,"  or 

"ii  collect  25  via  Chicago." 

(The  75  includes  the  other  line  tolls  and  fifty  cents 
for  delivery.) 

NOTE.  —  Offices  with  other  lines  will  note  that  in 
these  checks  the  amount  which  indicates  the  this  line 


RECEIVING   MESSAGES  25 

tolls  appears  in  the  check  before  the  amount  for  other 
lines.  Insert  these  tolls  immediately  after  the  word 
paid  or  collect. 

If  the  sender  of  a  message  requests  a  notice  of  its 
delivery  the  receiving  clerk  will  insert  in  the  check 
the  words  "  Report  delivery,"  and  charge  for  same  as 
part  of  the  check  of  the  message.  The  request  will 
be  answered  by  a  collect  message  addressed  to  the 
sender  of  the  message,  stating  the  time  of  the  delivery 
of  the  message,  or,  if  not  delivered,  the  reason  why. 

If  the  sender  requests  the  repetition  of  a  message 
the  receiving  clerk  will  insert  in  the  check  the  words 
"  Repeat  back,"  which  will  also  be  included  in  the 
count  and  charged  for.  The  repetition  of  the  mes- 
sage will  cost  the  sender  half  rate  in  addition  to  the 
full  rate  for  the  original  message. 

A  message  to  be  specially  delivered  beyond  the  free 
delivery  limits  of  the  terminal  office,  and  for  which 
the  delivery  charge  is  not  given  in  the  tariff  book, 
will  be  accepted  upon  the  payment,  or  guarantee,  of 
an  amount  sufficient  to  cover  the  message  tolls  and 
probable  cost  of  delivery. 

The  words  "Deliver  and  report  charges,"  when  the 
charges  are  to  be  paid  by  the  sender,  or  the  words 
"Delivery  charges  guaranteed,"  when  they  are  to  be 
paid  to  the  addressee,  will  be  inserted  in  the  check  of 
the  message,  and  will  be  counted  and  charged  for. 

When  it  so  happens  that  an  extra  date  occurs  in  a 
telegram  it  must  be  charged  for.  For  example,  if  a 
letter  is  sent  requesting  a  telegram  to  be  sent  arriving 
at  office  a  day  or  so  after  the -date  written,  it  would 
be  sent  as  follows: 


26  TELEGRAPHY 

"Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Oct  24 

via  Chicago,  Oct  25." 

Thus  in  charging  for  the  message,  the  five  words 
" Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Oct  24,"  will  also  be  included. 

When  messages  which  are  to  be  forwarded  are  re- 
ceived collect  the  forwarding  office  will  check  them  so 
that  the  tariff  from  that  office  to  the  destination  shall 
appear  in  the  check  as  this  line  tolls,  and  the  tariff 
from  the  originating  office  to  the  forwarding  office  as 
other  line  tolls. 

If  a  message  is  offered  when  communication  is 
known  to  be  interrupted,  it  will  be  accepted  only  if 
the  sender  chooses  to  leave  it  for  transmission  when 
communication  is  restored.  Upon  such  a  message 
write  the  words  "  Subject  to  delay,"  and  request  the 
sender  to  affix  thereto  his  signature  or  initials. 

Employees  are  particularly  cautioned  against  mak- 
ing any  promises  to  customers  respecting  the  trans- 
mission or  delivery  of  a  message. 

The  address  of  the  sender  of  a  message  unless  it  be 
well  known  will  be  requested  and  recorded. 

NIGHT  MESSAGES 

Night  messages  will  be  written  upon  night  message 
forms  and  will  be  accepted  only  between  the  hour  of 
opening  and  midnight.  An  office  closing  before  mid- 
night will  not  accept  a  night  message  that  cannot  be 
started  before  the  closing  hour.  In  case  of  an  inter- 
ruption of  the  lines,  which  it  is  believed  will  prevent 
the  transmission  of  a  message  before  the  following 
morning,  such  messages  will  not  be  accepted. 


RECEIVING   MESSAGES  27 

PROFANE  MESSAGES 

A  message  containing  profane  or  obscene  language 
will  not  be  accepted  for  transmission  over  the  wires  of 
any  company. 

FRANKS 

Franks  are  issued  to  persons  who  are  entitled  to 
send  messages  free,  or  at  half  rates,  and  are  of  four 
classes,  viz.: 

Business  Franks,  Half-rate  Franks,  Compliment- 
ary (Stamp)  Franks,  Directors'  Franks. 

The  holder  of  franks  of  any  kind  is  not  entitled  to 
transmit  cable  messages  free. 

RAILROAD  MESSAGES 

A  message  of  an  officer,  or  agent,  of  a  railroad 
company  with  which  a  telegraph  company  has  a 
contract,  when  on  business  of  that  railroad  company 
may  be  sent  free  without  a  frank  between  stations  on 
that  road;  but  when  such  a  message  is  offered 
beyond,  or  off  that  road,  it  will  not  be  sent  free 
unless  covered  by  a  frank. 

SERVICE  MESSAGES 

Service  messages  between  the  employees  of  the 
company  will  be  limited  to  matters  of  urgent  nature. 
The  mails  will  be  used  in  all  cases  when  the  service 
will  not  suffer  by  delay.  Service  messages  will  not 
be  sent  free  for  information  of  customers,  nor  to  cor- 
rect their  errors. 


28  TELEGRAPHY 

PERSONAL  MESSAGES 

Personal  messages  of  an  employee  of  an  urgent 
social  or  domestic  character  may  be  sent  free  upon 
the  written  approval  of  the  manager  or  superin- 
tendent. 

FREE  AND  HALF-RATE  MESSAGE  CHECKS 

The  receiving  clerk's  check  of  a  free  message  will 
show  the  reason  for  its  acceptance  without  the  pay- 
ment of  tolls.  A  half -rate  frank  message  will  be 
checked  as  a  full-rate  message.  The  following  are 
examples  of  free  message  checks: 

"  10  D.H.     Frank  No.  —  " 

"  10  D.H.     Employee" 

"loD.H.     Answer  to  D.H." 

"  10  D.H.     Frank  No.  —  and  paid  25  via  Chicago." 

"  10  D.H.     Frank  No.  —  and  D.H.  frank  No.  — ." 
(When  free  over  both  this  line  and  other  lines.) 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Is  it  necessary  for  the  sender  of  a  message  to 

write  his  message  upon  a  message  form?    Why? 

2.  Where  is  the  time  of  transmission  of  a  message 

noted? 

3.  Can  an  employee  change  the  wording  of  a  mes- 

sage after  same  has  been  given  him  for  trans- 
mission? 

4.  Can  a  message  be  accepted  for  transmission  with- 

out a  signature? 

5.  What  words  are  charged  for  in  a  message? 


RECEIVING   MESSAGES  29 

6.  How  are  numbers  generally  transmitted  over  the 

wires?     Why? 

7.  What  is  meant  by  a  "this  line"  office?    "Other 

line  "office? 

8.  Is   the  word   "Collect"   counted   in  a   message 

check?     Is  it  charged  for? 

9.  Is  the  amount  of  charges  marked  upon  the  mes- 

sage? Is  it  necessary  to  mark  the  amount  of 
charges  upon  the  delivery  envelope? 

10.  Is  it  necessary  to  insert  "this  line"  and  "other 

line"  tolls  after  the  check  of  a  message? 

11.  If  a  report  of  the  delivery  of  a  message  is  re- 

quired, how  is  same  made  known? 

12.  If  the  sender  of  a  message  wishes  the  messages 

"  Repeated  back, "  what  is  the  charge  for  same, 
and  what  form  is  used  in  the  check  of  the  mes- 
sage? Are  the  words  "Repeat  back"  charged 
for? 

13.  What  is  said  of  the  charge  for  extra  words  in  an 

address? 

14.  Upon  what  forms  are  night  messages  written? 

What  hours  are  messages  accepted  for  night 
transmission?  What  is  said  of  delivery  of  such 
messages? 

15.  What  is  said  of  profane  messages? 

16.  What  is  a  frank?     How  used? 

17.  What  is  a  railroad  message?    A  service  message? 

What  is  said  of  employees'  personal  messages? 

18.  What    are  free  and    half -rate  message  checks? 

How  are  free  messages  counted  in  the  check? 


CHAPTER  VII 

CABLE   MESSAGES 
THE    .  .    TELEGRAPH   CO. 


Receiver's  No. 
14 

Time  Filed 
7:i5 

Check 
12  Paid 

SEND    the   following   message   subject 

to  the  terms  on  back  hereof,  which  are  )>  12-2    1910 

hereby  agreed  to. 

To  M.  Atherton 

Havana,  Cuba 

Will  ship  cigar  boxes  via  Tampa  ACL  care  Mallory 
Line. 

L.  TAYLOR. 

Read  Notice  and  Agreement  on  Back. 


MESSAGES  BY  CABLE 

Every  message  must  be  prepaid  unless  otherwise 
authorized,  and  all  words  in  the  address,  text,  and 
signature  must  be  counted  and  charged  for. 

In  the  address  of  any  message,  the  name  of  the 
office  of  destination,  the  name  of  the  country,  and  the 
name  of  the  territorial  subdivision  are  each  counted 


CABLE    MESSAGES  31 

as  one  word,  no  matter  how  many  letters  are  employed. 
The  address  of  every  message  must  consist  of  at  least 
two  words,  the  first  indicating  the  name  of  the  re- 
ceiver and  the  second  the  name  of  the  office  of  desti- 
nation. 

The  sender  is  responsible  for  incorrect  and  insuffi- 
cient address.  Corrections  and  alterations  can  only 
be  made  by  another  message,  which  must  be  paid  for. 

PLAIN  MESSAGES 

Plain  messages  (i.  £.,  neither  code  nor  cipher)  may 
be  written  in  any  language  that  may  contain  the 
Roman  letters.  In  such  a  message  each  word  of  fif- 
teen letters  or  less  is  counted  as  a  word,  and  words  of 
over  fifteen  letters  are  counted  at  the  rate  of  fifteen 
letters  as  a  word.  Thus,  sixteen  letters  would  be  two 
words. 

CODE  MESSAGES 

Code  messages  may  contain  words  belonging  to 
one  or  more  of  the  following  languages:  English, 
French,  German,  Dutch,  Italian,  Portuguese,  Span- 
ish, and  Latin.  The  use  of  other  languages  is  not 
allowed.  Code  messages  may  also  contain  artificial 
words,  that  is,  groups  of  letters  so  combined  as  to 
form  pronounceable  words  in  at  least  one  of  the  eight 
languages.  In  code  messages  each  code  word,  whether 
genuine  or  artificial,  of  ten  letters  or  less  is  counted  as 
a  word,  and  no  code  word  of  more  than  ten  letters  can 
be  accepted.  If  any  words  in  plain  language  and  of 
more  than  ten  letters  each  are  used  in  code  messages, 
they  should  be  counted  at  the  rate  of  ten  letters  or 
fraction  of  ten  letters  to  the  word. 


32  TELEGRAPHY 

CIPHER  MESSAGES 

In  cipher  messages,  which  may  be  composed  of 
groups  of  figures  or  groups  of  letters,  the  groups  are 
counted  at  the  rate  of  five  figures,  or  five  letters,  or 
fraction  thereof  to  the  word.  Words  in  plain  languages 
inserted  in  such  messages  are  counted  as  in  the  "  Plain 
message  rule"  above. 

The  mixture  in  the  body  of  a  cipher  or  code  mes- 
sage of  letters  or  figures,  or  groups  of  letters  or  figures, 
is  not  allowed. 

COUNTING  WORDS 

Every  isolated  figure,  letter,  or  character  counts  as 
one  word.  Words  joined  by  a  hyphen,  or  separated 
by  an  apostrophe,  are  counted  as  separate  words. 

Signs,  punctuation,  hyphens,  apostrophes,  and 
fresh  paragraphs  are  not  counted  nor  sent. 

When  the  letters  "ch"  come  together  in  the  spell- 
ing of  a  word,  they  are  counted  as  one  letter. 

Abbreviated  and  misspelled  words  and  illegitimate 
compound  words  combined  in  a  manner  contrary  to 
their  use  in  any  of  the  languages  authorized,  also  un- 
pronounceable groups  of  letters  (not  trade-marks  or 
marks  of  commerce)  are  admissible,  but  if  they  should 
accidentally  appear  in  a  message  they  will  be  counted 
at  the  rate  of  five  letters  or  fraction  of  five  letters  to 
one  word. 

Inverted  commas,  the  two  signs  of  parenthesis,  and 
each  separate  figure,  letter,  or  underline  will  be  counted 
as  one  word.  Groups  of  figures  will  be  counted  and 
charged  for  at  the  rate  of  five  figures  or  fraction  of 
five  figures  to  one  word. 


CABLE   MESSAGES  33 

CABLE  BUSINESS 

Cable  business  must  be  entered  in  the  regular 
monthly  account  current  under  the  heading  "Sundry 
receipts."  It  must  not  be  entered  in  the  "Check 
report."  A  distinct  record  of  cable  business  must 
be  kept,  and  at  the  end  of  each  month  reported  upon 
Form  67,  in  accord  with  instructions  printed  thereon, 
and  promptly  forwarded  to  the  superintendent. 

The  rates  established  for  U.  S.  Government  mes- 
sages between  the  Western  Union  offices  will  be 
found  in  the  first  table  of  rates  in  the  Western  Union 
Rate  Book.  As  there  indicated,  these  rates  are  for 
twenty  or  less  words,  address  and  signature  counted. 

Government  messages  shall  have  priority  in  their 
transmission  over  all  other  business. 

All  messages  offered  at  Government  rates  should 
be  endorsed  by  the  senders  "Official  Business." 

QUESTIONS 

1.  On  what   condition  are  messages   transmitted  by 

cable? 

2.  What  is  said  of  addresses? 

3.  What  are  plain  messages? 

4.  What  are  code  messages? 

5.  What  are  cipher  messages? 

6.  How   is    cable    business    entered?     Under   what 

heading? 

7.  What  is  a  Government  message? 


CHAPTER  VIII 

WIRELESS   TELEGRAPHY 

WIRELESS  stations  are  now  becoming  very  popular, 
as  wireless  telegraphy  has  been  found  to  be  a  reality 
instead  of  a  mere  dream,  and  many  of  the  incoming 
and  outgoing  vessels  are  fitted  with  the  apparatus 
for  transmitting  messages. 

The  apparatus  comprising  the  transmitter  consists 
of  the  electromotive  force,  a  battery  or  dynamo,  a 
key  much  the  same  as  other  telegraph  keys,  an  in- 
duction coil,  or  transformer,  and  an  oscillator.  The 
appliances  forming  a  receiver  of  a  similar  type  in- 
clude a  wave  detector,  a  cell,  a  telephone  receiver,  and 
a  resonator.  In  the  earlier  systems  a  relay,  a  tapper, 
and  a  Morse  register  were  added. 


UNITED  WIRELESSJELECRAPH  COMPANY 
AE'RCOOPGARDAIVI 

DIRECT  COMMUNICATION  WITH  SHIPS 
AT  SEA  AND  ON  THE  GREAT  LAKES 


CHECKS  THIS  STATION 


This  line 


Spec'l  Del'y 


NUMBER 

1 

SENT  BY 

JS 

RECEIVED  BY 

w 

CHECK 

6  Paid 

TIME 

12:10 

STATION,  VIA 

Egmont  Key 

PRINTED  ON  THE  BACK  HEREOF,  WHICH  ARE  HEREBY  AGREED  TO. 

Jan.  4  1911 


To  M.  Mason 


S/S        Olivette 


Arrive  Key  West  Noon  eighteenth  report  cargo. 

_ J.  Murphy 

Form  NO.  lA          PLEASE  ASK  FOB  CARBON  COPY  OFFICIAL,  RECEIPT 


WIRELESS   TELEGRAPHY 


35 


FITTING  UP  A  STATION 

As  shown  in  the  accompanying  diagram,  the  trans- 
mitter (A)  includes  an  induction  coil  (i),  energized 
by  battery  (2),  the  current  being  broken  by  the 
key  (3).  The  coil  is  equipped  with  a  spring  inter- 
rupter (4);  the  terminals  of  the  secondary  are  con- 


r-^ 

1  —  i 


HI  —  ? 


Marconi  Transmitter  and  Receiver 

nected  to  either  side  of  the  spark  gap,  which,  with 
the  aerial  wire  (6)  and  the  ground  wire  (7),  form  the 
oscillator  system.  The  receiver  (B)  is  made  up  of  a 
coherer  (i),  the  polarized  relay  (2),  and  the  cell  (3), 
all  of  which  are  connected  in  series  and  comprise  the 
first  internal  circuit. 

The  second  internal  circuit  includes  the  contact 
points  of  the  relay  (2),  the  Morse  register  (4),  the  bat- 


36  TELEGRAPHY 

tery  (5),  and  the  tapper  (6).  The  tapper  and  the 
register  may  be  in  parallel;  the  aerial  wire  (9)  and  the 
earth  terminal  or  ground  wire  form  the  resonator. 
Choking  coils  (7  and  8)  are  placed  in  the  first  internal 
circuit  between  the  coherer  and  the  relay  to  prevent 
oscillations  from  the  resonator  from  wasting  their 
energy  in  the  relay  coils,  as  well  as  to  prevent  those 
originating  at  the  contacts  of  the  relay  from  acting 
on  the  coherer.  To  free  the  ends  of  the  aerial  wires, 
large  sheets  of  metal  termed  the  aereas  were  attached ; 
but  these  are  no  longer  necessary. 

MESSAGES 

Prepaid  messages  may  be  accepted  at  the  sender's 
risk,  for  transmission  by  wireless  telegraph. 

The  sender  should  be  informed  that  if  for  any  reason 
his  message  cannot  be  delivered  to  the  vessel  ad- 
dressed, his  money,  less  the  amount  by  land,  will  be 
refunded. 

Employees  are  furnished  with  a  rate  book  giving 
full  information  and  names  of  steamships  fitted  with 
wireless  apparatus. 

QUESTIONS 

1 .  How  is  a  station  equipped  for  wireless  telegraphy? 

2.  What  causes  the  distant  instrument  to  sound? 

3.  What  is   said   of   accepting  messages   for   trans- 

mission? 

4.  Can  you  explain  the  Marconi  system  of  setting  up 

wireless  apparatus? 

5.  What  electrical  energy  was  found  the  most  effec- 

tive in  the  operation  of  the  wireless  system? 
Ans.   60  cycles. 


CHAPTER  IX 

DELIVERY   OF  MESSAGES 

EACH  message  for  delivery  must  be  copied  and  en- 
closed in  an  envelope  furnished  for  this  purpose,  care- 
fully sealed,  and  plainly  addressed. 

When  tolls  are  to  be  collected,  the  amount  in 
words  must  be  plainly  written  in  ink  upon  the  en- 
velope, and  also  upon  the  messenger's  delivery  sheet. 

Instructions  from  a  sending  office  in  regard  to  de- 
livery of  a  message  must  be  carefully  observed.  A 
request  from  the  sending  office  to  report  delivery  of  a 
message  must  be  answered  by  a  collect  message  ad- 
dressed to  the  sender  of  the  message,  stating  the  time 
of  the  delivery  of  the  message,  or,  if  not  delivered,  the 
reason  why. 

When  messages  require  an  answer  the  word  "An- 
swer" must  be  plainly  written  upon  the  envelope. 
The  messenger  will  be  supplied  with  blanks  upon 
which  to  write  the  reply.  In  case  he  should  fail  to 
secure  an  answer  the  reason  must  be  stated  to  the 
delivery  clerk. 

Messages  will  be  delivered  free  within  a  half  mile 
radius  from  the  telegraph  office  in  any  city  or  town 
of  less  than  five  thousand  inhabitants,  and  within  a 
radius  of  one  mile  from  the  office  in  any  town  or  city 
of  five  thousand  or  more  inhabitants.  Beyond  these 
limits,  only  the  actual  cost  of  delivery  service  will 
be  charged,  and  this  cost  must  be  as  reasonable  as 
possible. 


38  TELEGRAPHY 

If  the  services  of  a  special  messenger  are  required, 
and  the  special  delivery  charges  have  not  been  pro- 
vided for,  the  sending  office  will  be  promptly  notified 
by  telegraph  of  the  cost  of  delivery,  and  that  office 
will  endeavor  to  collect  charges  from  the  sender,  who, 
if  he  pays  or  guarantees  delivery  charges,  will  also 
pay  for  the  message,  ordering  special  delivery,  or  will 
guarantee  the  collection  of  the  tolls  thereon.  If  the 
sending  office  is  unable  to  collect,  or  if  no  reply  to 
the  notice  to  the  sending  office  is  received,  a  copy  of 
the  message  will  be  mailed  to  the  addressee,  and  if 
another  copy  is  afterwards  delivered,  the  word  "  Du- 
plicate" must  be  plainly  written  across  the  face  of  the 
form. 

In  case  of  failure  to  collect  delivery  charges  the 
sending  office  must  be  notified  by  a  service  message 
of  the  failure  to  collect  the  amount  of  charges. 

Messages  are  not  to  be  left  in  the  hands  of  a  janitor 
or  porter,  or  any  other  unauthorized  person  for  de- 
livery. 

Messengers  must  obtain  a  receipt  for  each  mes- 
sage delivered  which  will  include  the  time,  and  the 
name  or  address  of  the  person  to  whom  delivery  is 
made.-  In  no  case  must  a  messenger  receipt  for  an 
addressee. 

In  case  a  receiving  office  fails  to  collect  for  a  "  Col- 
lect" message,  the  sending  office  must  be  notified  of 
the  failure,  and  must  collect  tolls  from  the  sender. 

A  night  message,  unless  called  for,  will  not  be  de- 
livered until  the  morning  of  the  next  day  after  its 
date,  but  when  called  for,  it  will  be  delivered  on  the 
day  of  its  date,  upon  payment  of  full  day  rates  in 
case  of  a  collect  message,  and  the  difference  between 


DELIVERY   OF    MESSAGES  39 

the  night  and  day  rates  in  the  case  of  a  paid  message. 
The  additional  amounts  collected  will  be  accounted 
for  as  " Sundry  receipts." 

When  an  insured  message  is  received  at  an  office 
from  which  it  is  to  be  delivered,  it  will  be  the  duty 
of  the  manager  to  satisi^-  himself  that  prompt  de- 
livery is  made. 

The  manager,  or  delivery  clerk,  will  examine  the 
delivery  sheets  or  books  of  the  messengers  on  their 
return  from  each  service,  and  at  the  close  of  the  day, 
to  see  that  faithful  delivery  has  been  made,  and  that 
all  proper  notifications  have  been  given. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  is  required  of  the  operator  before  delivery 

of  a  message? 

2.  How  is  report  of  delivery  made?    To  whom? 

3.  What  is  meant  by  the  transmission  of  the  word 

"  Answer"? 

4.  What  is  said  of  the  services  of  a  special  mes- 

senger? 

5.  What  is  the  radius  for  free  delivery  of  messages? 

6.  What  of  failure  to  collect  for  messages?    Who  is 

notified? 

7.  In  whose  hands  should  a  message  be  left  for 

delivery? 

8.  What  is  said  of  the  delivery  of  night  messages? 

9.  What  of  insured  messages? 

10.   What  is  required  of  the  operator  in  regard  to  the 
inspection  of  messengers'  sheets  or  books? 


CHAPTER  X 

ACCOUNTS,   REPORTS,   AND   REMITTANCES   FOR   OFFICES 

FOR  the  purpose  of  accounting  and  reporting  offices 
are  classified  as  follows: 

First  class,  those  whose  messages  number  over  1000 
per  month. 

Second  class,  those  whose  messages  number  over 
200  but  not  over  1000  per  month. 

Third  class,  those  whose  messages  number  less  than 
200  per  month. 

An  office  of  one  class  must  not  change  its  method  of 
keeping  its  books  to  the  method  of  another  class 
without  the  consent  of  the  superintendent. 

A  daily  record  of  messages  must  be  kept  by  each 
office  for  this  purpose.  Offices  of  the  first  class  use 
Forms  40,  68,  69,  and  77;  offices  of  the  second  class 
use  Forms  40  and  77;  and  offices  of  the  third  class 
use  Form  40  only. 

Offices  of  the  first  class  must  enter  on  Form  69  all 
messages  accepted  for  transmission  at  the  time  and 
in  the  order  of  their  acceptance,  and  on  Form  68  all 
messages  received  for  delivery  at  the  time  and  in  the 
order  of  their  reception. 

Offices  of  each  class  must  each  day  enter  on  Form 
40  the  "Paid"  and  "Collect"  messages  of  the  preced- 
ing day,  including  the  "Half -rate  frank"  messages 
which  must  be  entered  as  paid  full  rates.  The  mes- 


ACCOUNTS,    REPORTS,    REMITTANCES    41 

sages  must  be  entered,  so  that  the  names  of  the  offices 
with  which  the  business  was  done  will  appear  in  ex- 
actly the  same  order  in  which  they  are  in  the  tariff 
book,  that  is,  so  that  the  names  of  the  States  or  ab- 
breviations of  them,  and  also  the  names  of  the  offices 
in  each  State,  will  appear  in  alphabetic  order.  The 
amount  entered  in  the  last  column  ("This  office 
checks  for  other  lines  ")  must  be  made  up  of  the 
amount  paid  to  other  lines,  the  amount  paid  for  special 
delivery  service,  and  their  part  of  the  tolls  on  for- 
warded messages,  that  is,  the  amount  due  this  office 
as  tariff  from  this  office  to  destination,  entered  as 
this  line  tolls,  and  the  tariff  from  the  originating 
office  to  the  forwarding  office  (this  office)  as  other  line 
tolls. 

ENTRY  OF  OTHER  LINE  MESSAGES 

A  message  to  or  from  another  line  office  must  be 
entered  with  messages  of  the  office  via  which  it 
reaches  or  leaves  this  line. 

A  separate  record  of  "Free  messages,"  not  in- 
cluding "Service  messages  and  Local  Railroad  mes- 
sages" (i.e.,  messages  between  two  stations  both 
located  on  the  same  road),  must  be  made  by  each 
office  of  each  class  on  Form  40.  This  record  must 
state  the  number  of  messages  sent  to,  and  the  number 
received  from,  each  office,  together  with  the  total 
amount  of  "this"  line  tariff  on  the  message  at  the 
full  day  rate,  the  tariff  on  sent  messages  being  entered 
as  credits,  and  the  tariff  on  received  messages  being 
entered  as  checks.  No  account  of  "other"  line  tariff 
should  be  taken  in  this  record  of  free  messages. 


42  TELEGRAPHY 

In  the  case  of  a  message  free  for  this  line  and 
paid  for  other  lines,  an  entry  in  both  the  free  and  paid 
message  records  must  be  made.  A  copy  of  the  mes- 
sage must  be  made  for  paid  message  files,  and  the 
original  placed  with  free  messages. 

Sunday  messages  must  be  entered  as  a  part  of  the 
previous  Saturday's  business,  except  when  the  first 
day  of  the  month  falls  on  Sunday,  in  which  case  Sun- 
day messages  must  be  entered  as  a  part  of  the  busi- 
ness of  the  following  Monday. 

A  paid  or  collect  message  must  be  entered  as  origi- 
nally transmitted.  Checks  are  not  to  be  changed. 

After  the  entry  of  a  day's  messages  on  Form  40, 
offices  of  the  first  and  second  class  must  transfer  the 
record  to  Form  77,  keeping  a  separate  ledger  for  free 
business.  Offices  of  the  third  class  need  make  no 
entries  except  on  Form  40. 

RECORD  OF  CABLE  MESSAGES 

Daily  records  of  Atlantic  Cable  Halifax  and  Ber- 
muda Cable,  Cuba  Cable,  Bahamas  Cable,  Central  & 
South  American  Cable,  British  Pacific  Cable,  Com- 
mercial Pacific  Cable  messages  (seven  separate 
records)  must  be  kept  on  Form  67.  These  records 
form  part  of  the  monthly  report. 

The  total  amount  received  for  cable  messages,  after 
deducting  the  amounts  refunded  by  the  Cable  Rules 
in  the  Tariff  Book,  must  be  entered  on  Form  4,  under 
" Sundry  Receipts." 


ACCOUNTS,    REPORTS,    REMITTANCES    43 

UNCOLLECT,    GUARANTEED,    HALF-RATE    AND   FREE 
MESSAGES 

Before  filing  away  the  day's  business,  the  under- 
mentioned messages  must  be  taken  out  and  held  to  be 
sent  in  with  the  monthly  reports. 

Copies  of  messages  "Received  Collect,"  for  which 
payment  has  not  been  obtained,  together  with  the 
telegraphic  messages  relating  thereto,  required  by 
Rule  58  of  Rule  Book. 

The  original  messages  "Sent  Collect"  which  have 
been  reported  by  delivery  offices  as  uncollectible. 

The  original  messages  "Sent  Paid"  by  the  copies 
of  those  "Received  Collect"  for  holders  of  half-rate 
franks,  on  which  less  than  full  tolls  have  been  paid. 

The  originals  of  all  sent  messages  (except  service 
and  local  railroad  messages)  which  have  been  trans- 
mitted free. 

When  more  than  three  in  number,  the  uncollect- 
ible messages  referred  to  above  must  be  listed  on 
Form  34  and  the  half-rate  frank  messages  on  Form  33, 
and  the  guaranteed  messages  on  Form  35. 

FILING  MESSAGES 

All  messages  not  required  as  specified  above  for 
other  purposes  must  be  filed  in  the  order  in  which 
they  appear  on  Form  40  and  properly  labeled  by  days 
and  months.  Each  month's  messages  must  be  re- 
tained for  a  period  of  six  months,  at  the  end  of  which 
time,  unless  otherwise  ordered,  they  must  be  sent  to 
the  office  of  the  superintendent  with  the  monthly 
reports. 


44  TELEGRAPHY 

MONTHLY  REPORTS 

Immediately  after  the  close  of  the  month  offices 
not  otherwise  instructed  by  the  superintendent  must 
make  out  and  return  reports  on  Forms  4,  7,  38,  and  67. 

If  no  free  business  has  been  done,  the  report  on 
Form  33  will  be  omitted,  and  the  words  "No  free 
business,"  will  be  endorsed  on  Form  7  under  the 
manager's  signature.  If  no  cable  business  has  been 
done,  the  report  on  Form  67  will  also  be  omitted. 

The  above  named  reports  with  their  enclosures 
must  be  sent  to  the  superintendent  by  offices  of  the 
third  class  within  three  days  after  the  close  of  the 
month,  by  offices  of  the  second  class  within  five  days, 
and  by  offices  of  the  first  class  within  seven  days. 

PAID  OTHER  LINES 

The  amount  entered  in  the  column  headed  "Paid 
Other  Lines"  on  Form  4  must  be  made  up  of  the 
amount  paid  to  other  lines,  the  amount  paid  for 
"Special  Delivery,"  and  the  other  line  tolls  on  for- 
warded messages.  The  total  of  the  amounts  in  this 
column  must  be  entered  under  "Schedule  of  Ordi- 
nary Disbursements,"  opposite  the  item  "Paid  Other 
Lines." 

RECEIVED  FOR  GUARANTEED  MESSAGES 

Under  "Sundry  Receipts"  on  Form  4,  opposite  the 
item  "Received  for  Guaranteed  Messages,"  must  be 
entered  the  amount  received  for  the  payment  of  mes- 
sages which  other  offices  have  reported  "Uncollect- 
ible." The  originals  of  such  messages  must  be  sent 


ACCOUNTS,    REPORTS,    REMITTANCES    45 

in  with  the  report,  and  on  those  upon  which  no  tolls 
have  been  collected,  the  reason  why  no  collection  was 
made  must  be  reported. 

REFUNDED  AND  UNCOLLECTIBLE 

The  amount  opposite  the  item  "Refunded  and  Un- 
collectible" on  Form  4  must  be  made  up  of  the  amount 
refunded  for  errors,  etc.,  the  total  amount  on  re- 
funds and  half-rate  frank  messages,  and  the  amount 
of  tolls  on  uncollectible  messages  received  from  other 
line  offices. 

All  the  messages  included  under  the  head  of  "  Re- 
funded and  Uncollectible"  must  be  sent  in  with  the 
report  as  vouchers  for  the  unpaid  tolls.  Each  uncol- 
lected  message  must  be  referred  to  in  the  service 
message  referred  to  in  the  "Delivery  of  Messages," 
thus,  —  tolls  will  be  collected  from  the  sender  of  the 
"collect  message." 

CHECK  REPORTS 

A  check  report,  Form  7,  is  required  from  every 
office. 

The  names  of  offices  to  which  messages  have  been 
sent,  or  from  which  messages  have  been  received, 
during  the  month  must  be  entered  in  this  report  in 
the  order  indicated  by  the.  note  in  the  heading  of  the 
form,  and  opposite  each  name  must  be  entered  the 
amounts  as  indicated  by  the  heading  on  the  form. 
The  total  of  the  columns  under  the  heading  "This 
Office  Receives"  must  agree  with  the  totals  on  Form 
4  under  the  heading  "Telegraph  Receipts,"  and  the 
total  of  the  column  headed  "For  Other  Lines,"  under 


46  TELEGRAPHY 

"This  Office  Checks"  must  agree  with  the  total  of 
the  "Paid  Other  Lines"  column,  and  with  the  item 
"Paid  Other  Lines"  under  the  heading  "Schedule  of 
Ordinary  Disbursements." 

FREE  MESSAGE  REPORTS 

On  Form  38  must  be  made  a  check  report  of  free 
messages  and  a  statement  of  messages  which  have  been 
sent  free  for  any  railroad,  transportation,  or  express, 
or  other  company,  or  for  any  individual,  showing  the 
number  of  messages  sent  for  each  company  or  in- 
dividual, and  the  amount  of  tariff  at  full  day  rates 
therefor  as  if  paid  for.  The  original  messages  will 
show  the  place  of  origin,  checked  with  the  number  of 
words,  the  amount  of  tariff  at  full  day  rates  (which 
rates  should  be  marked  in  the  upper  right  hand  cor- 
ner), and  the  reason  why  free.  These  must  be  sent  to 
the  superintendent  with  the  report. 

VOUCHERS,  HOW  MADE  OUT,  NUMBERED,  ETC. 

A  voucher  must  be  rendered  for  every  expenditure 
of  an  office.  Each  voucher  must  be  written  and  signed 
in  ink,  made  out  in  such  a  manner  as  to  explain  itself 
clearly,  and  numbered  to  correspond  with  entry  on 
Form  4. 

The  amount  of  the  expenditure  must  be  written 
with  the  receipt  in  words. 

No  vouchers  bearing  erasures,  or  alterations  of 
figures  or  amounts,  will  be  accepted. 

Each  voucher  must  be  signed  by  the  person  to 
whom  the  voucher  is  made. 


ACCOUNTS,    REPORTS,    REMITTANCES   47 

If  the  voucher  is  signed  by  any  other  person  than 
the  one  to  whom  payment  is  due,  it  must  be  accom- 
panied by  a  written  order  from  that  person  giving 
authority  for  the  payment  and  signature. 

Signature  by  "his  mark"  must  be  witnessed  by 
some  person  other  than  the  one  making  payment. 

SERVICE  VOUCHERS 

A  service  voucher  must  state  the  full  name  of  the 
person  paid,  the  kind  of  service  and  where  rendered, 
the  dates  between  which  the  service  was  performed, 
and  the  rate  per  day,  week,  or  month.  When  the 
payment  is  for  part  of  a  month,  the  number  of  days 
as  well  as  the  dates  must  be  given,  and  the  time  com- 
puted according  to  the  number  of  week  days  in  the 
month. 

ERROR  SHEETS 

Each  manager  must  give  prompt  attention  to  error 
sheets  and  answer  inquiries  respecting  them  with 
full  and  clear  explanations. 

BALANCE  DUE  COMPANIES 

Every  office  balance  due  the  company  must  be  re- 
mitted to  the  treasurer  at  the  close  of  each  month  un- 
less otherwise  specially  ordered  by  him. 

REMITTANCES 

A  remittance  to  the  treasurer  must  be  made  either 
through  the  mail  in  the  form  of  a  draft  on  New  York, 


48  TELEGRAPHY 

or,  where  bank  drafts  cannot  be  obtained  at  less  ex- 
pense, by  an  express  money  order. 

If  neither  a  bank  draft  nor  an  express  money  order 
can  be  obtained,  a  post  office  money  order  should  be 
forwarded,  and  in  case  none  of  these  are  obtainable, 
currency  should  be  forwarded  by  express,  or  as  a  last 
resort  by  registered  letter. 

The  small  treasurer's  envelope,  Form  123  Western 
Union,  must  be  used  when  remittances  are  made  by 
mail,  and  Form  124,  the  large  envelope,  should  be 
used  when  remittances  are  made  by  express. 

Mutilated  silver  coin  is  uncurrent  and  its  value  as 
bullion  is  much  less  than  its  nominal  value.  Offices 
should  not  accept  either  foreign  or  mutilated  silver 
coin  and  must  not  remit  it  to  the  treasurer. 

When  a  remittance  is  made  by  express  the  amount 
must  be  plainly  endorsed  on  the  envelope  and  the  ex- 
press company's  receipt  taken. 

An  explanatory  letter  on  Form  65  stating  on  what 
account  the  money  applies  must  be  enclosed  with 
each  remittance. 

BANK  DEPOSITS 

When  an  employee  deposits  funds  of  a  company  in 
a  bank  the  deposit  must  be  made  either  to  his  credit 
in  his  official  name,  or  to  the  credit  of  the  company 
in  its  corporate  name.  In  the  latter  case  the  funds 
will  be  subject  to  checks  by  the  treasurer  only.  De- 
posits must  be  made  in  banks  designated  by  the 
treasurer. 


ACCOUNTS,    REPORTS,    REMITTANCES   49 

QUESTIONS 

1.  How  are  first,   second,   and   third  class  offices 

designated? 

2.  What  of  daily  records?     How  kept? 

3.  What  form  is  used  by  all  three  offices,  ist,  2nd, 

and  3rd  class? 

4.  How  is  entry  for  other  line  messages  made?    Upon 

what  form? 

5.  What  is  said  of  Sunday  messages? 

6.  What  is  said  of  cable  messages? 

7.  How  are  Uncollect,   Guaranteed,  and  Half-rate 

messages  entered?  On  what  forms?  What  of 
free  messages?  How  is  record  made? 

8.  How  are  messages  filed? 

9.  To  whom  is  monthly  report  sent? 

10.  What  is  meant  by  "Paid  Other  Lines'? 

11.  Where  is  the  amount  collected  on  messages  which 

other  line  offices  have  reported  " Uncollectible" 
entered  on  the  report? 

12.  What  is  said  of  refunded  and  uncollectible  mes- 

sages? From  whom  is  an  uncollectible  mes- 
sage collected?  Ans.  The  sender  of  the 
message. 

13.  State  what  is  meant  by  "Check  Reports." 

14.  What  is  a  free  message  report?    How  made  out? 

15.  What  is  said  of  vouchers? 

1 6.  What  is  a  service  voucher? 

17.  What  is  an  error  sheet? 

1 8.  How  are  remittances  made  to  the  treasurer? 

19.  How  are  bank  deposits  made? 


CHAPTER  XI 

RAILROAD   TELEGRAPHY  —  TRAIN   ORDERS 

..RAILROAD   COMPANY 


Train  Order  No.  65 


Form 


Atlanta  12/17      1910 


Form 


For        Savannah 


To  C  &  E      of    Train  330 


•8  .  No  three  thirty  330  Dec  3rd  annulled  Savannah  to  Macon 
"§  Q  Eng  665  will  run  extra  Savannah  to  Macon  No  twenty  one 
•g  §  21  Eng  533  will  wait  at  Macon  until  seven  thirty  7:30  AM  for 
§•4^  extra  665  East. 


g     ^ 

'Ib-l  CONDUCTOR  AND  ENGINEMAN  MUST  EACH  HAVE 
[|  |  A  COPY  or  THIS  ORDER 

Time  Received    4:19  AM    OK    Given  at    7 130  AM 


Conductor     Train                Made                 Time           Operator 

Parker 

330 

Complete 

4:50  AM 

Keller 

JUH 

TELEGRAPHY --TRAIN    ORDERS        51 

Train  orders  are  among  the  most  important  railroad 
and  telegraph  work,  for  the  improper  transmission  or 
reception  of  a  train  order  might  mean  death  to  scores 
of  passengers.  Therefore  the  importance  of  their  re- 
ception and  delivery  cannot  be  too  much  impressed 
upon  the  mind  of  the  receiving  operator. 

A  "  19  "  train  order  will  not  be  used  except  by 
special  instructions  from  the  Superintendent  of 
Transportation. 

MANNER  OF  TRANSMITTING  A  TRAIN  ORDER 

After  having  called  an  office  in  the  usual  manner, 
and  having  received  a  response  from  it,  the  signal 
"31 "  is  transmitted  by  the  train  dispatcher  or  by  his 
authority.  The  receiving  operator  provides  himself 
with  Form  31  (a  train  order  blank)  under  which  he 
places  carbons  in  order  to  make  three  copies  at  one 
time.  Following  the  signal  "31,"  the  number  of  the 
train  order  is  transmitted,  thus  —  "31  No  26"  etc. 
Then  the  place  from  which  the  order  is  sent  and  the 
date,  thus  —  "New  York  3/12"  "To  C  &  E,"  mean- 
ing conductor  and  engineman,  also  number  of  train,  — 
"Train  330,"  followed  by  destination  of  order,  thus  — 
"Philadelphia,  Pa."  Then  follow  the  body  of  the 
order  and  the  signature  of  the  dispatcher. 

RULES  REGARDING  TRAIN  ORDERS 

For  movements  not  provided  by  the  time-table, 
train  orders  will  be  issued  by  authority  and  over  the 
signature  of  the  Superintendent  of  Transportation. 
They  must  contain  neither  information  nor  instruc- 
tions not  essential  to  such  movements. 


52  TELEGRAPHY 

Train  orders  will  be  numbered  consecutively  each 
day,  beginning  with  No.  i  at  midnight. 

Regular  trains  will  be  designated  in  train  orders  by 
their  numbers,  as  —  "No  10,"  or  "2nd  No  10,"  and 
extra  trains  by  their  engine  numbers  as  —  "Extra 
798,"  with  the  direction  if  necessary,  as  —  "Extra 
798  N,"  or  "Extra  798  S"  (N  and  S  meaning  north 
and  south),  etc.  Other  numbers  and  time  will  be 
stated  in  figures  only. 

In  transmitting  train  orders  the  signal  "31"  is  first 
transmitted  to  each  office  addressed.  If  more  or  less 
than  three  copies  of  the  order  are  to  be  made  it  is 
transmitted  thus,  "31  copy  5,"  etc. 

When  a  31  train  order  has  been  transmitted,  the  re- 
ceiving operator  must,  unless  otherwise  directed,  re- 
peat it  at  once  from  his  manifold  copy.  After  the 
order  has  been  repeated,  if  correct,  the  signal  "O.K." 
will  be  transmitted  by  the  dispatcher,  which  the  re- 
ceiving operator  will  mark  upon  his  train  order,  to- 
gether with  the  time  in  the  space  marked  on  order 
blank  "Time  received."  He  then  replies  "i  i  O  K" 
with  his  office  signal. 

Those  to  whom  the  order  is  addressed,  except  the 
engineman,  will  sign  it.  The  receiving  operator  will 
then  transmit  the  number  of  the  train  order,  together 
with  the  signature  of  the  receivers  to  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Transportation.  The  word  "Complete" 
is  then  transmitted  to  the  operator,  also  the  time  and 
initials  of  the  Superintendent,  which  the  receiving 
operator  marks  upon  his  train  order  in  the  space 
marked  "Made"  for  the  word  "Complete,"  and 
"At"  meaning  time. 

The  receiving  operator  writes  the  initials  of  the 


TELEGRAPHY  — TRAIN   ORDERS        53 

Superintendent  of  Transportation  at  the  foot  of  the 
body  of  the  train  order  and  his  own  name  in  full  in 
the  space  marked  "Operator."  The  signatures  of 
the  conductor  and  engineman  are  written  in  spaces 
marked  " Conductor"  and  " Engineman"  respec- 
tively. The  operator  then  delivers  a  copy  to  each  of 
those  to  whom  the  order  is  addressed,  who  in  turn 
reads  it  aloud  to  the  operator,  except  the  engineman, 
who  reads  his  copy  to  the  conductor.  The  conductor 
reads  his  copy  to  the  flagman,  and  the  engineman  to 
his  fireman. 

The  "OK"  and  the  word  "Complete"  must  each 
be  preceded  by  "31,"  also  the  number  of  the  order, 
thus  —  "31  No  10."  In  transmitting  the  signature 
of  the  conductor  it  must  be  preceded  by  "31"  the 
number  of  the  order  and  the  train  number,  thus - 
"31  No  7  train  No  10."  After  each  transmission  the 
sending  operator  gives  his  office  signal. 

Operators   must   preserve    their   lowest   copy   for 
reference. 

The  following  signals  demand  instant  use  of  the 
circuit : 

19-31.     Clear  the  line  for  train  order. 

29.     Signal  used  by  President,  General  Manager, 

etc. 

33.     Chief  Engineer,   Superintendent  of  Trans- 
portation, and  District  Superintendent. 
28.     Car  report. 
OS.    Train  report. 
X.     Train    will   be  held    until    order   is    made 

complete. 

A  fixed  signal  must  be  used  at  each  train  order 
office  which  shall  indicate  "Stop,"  when  trains  are  to 


54  TELEGRAPHY 

receive  orders.  The  signal  must  indicate  "Proceed," 
when  there  are  no  orders.  Operators  must  have  hand 
signals  for  immediate  use,  in  case  other  signals  fail  to 
work  properly. 

When  an  operator  receives  the  signal  "31 "  over  the 
wire  he  must  immediately  display  the  "Stop"  signal, 
and  reply  "SD,"  meaning  "Stop  Displayed."  The 
signal  to  proceed  must  not  be  given  until  the  order 
has  been  given  or  annulled,  as  the  case  may  be. 

At  the  office  of  the  train  dispatcher  all  train  orders 
will  be  written  in  full  in  a  book  provided  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  with  each  order  will  be  recorded  the  names 
of  those  who  signed  for  it,  the  time  and  the  signature 
which  show  where  and  from  what  offices  the  order  was 
repeated,  the  responses  transmitted,  and  the  dis- 
patcher's initials.  These  records  must  be  made  at 
once,  and  never  from  memory  or  memorandum. 

The  following  abbreviations  are  customary  in  rail- 
roading: 

Com  Complete  Jet  Junction 

OS  Train  report  Dspr  Dispatcher 

Sec  Section  SD  Stop  displayed 

Psgr  Passenger  GN  Good-night 

Operators  must  not  close  their  keys  at  night  be- 
fore getting  "GN"  from  the  train  dispatcher. 

TRAIN  REPORTS 

The  departure  of  all  trains  must  be  reported  to  the 
train  dispatcher.  "OT"  (on  time)  is  usually  trans- 
mitted when  trains  are  on  time,  giving  the  number  of 
the  train,  etc.,  thus,  - 


TELEGRAPHY --TRAIN    ORDERS        55 

"OS     Train  No  230  OT          JM"  (office  signal) 

"OS     Extra  33  40  min  late     J" 

A  record  of  the  arrival  and  departure  of  all  trains 
must  be  kept  by  the  operator  in  a  book  provided  for 
the  purpose. 

All  accidents  are  reported  by  telegraph,  either  by 
code  or  cipher,  given  on  Form  18,  or  other  similar 
forms. 

ACCIDENT  REPORTS 

FORM   18. 

RAILROAD   COMPANY 

TELEGRAPHIC  REPORT  OF  WRECK 

STATION ,      190 

To  Superintendent  Transportation, 

Report  of  accident Section  of  Train  No 

Engine ,  Engineman ,  Conductor 

Date 190 . . ,  Hour o'clock M. 

1.  Place  of  accident 

2.  In  cut,  or  embankment,  or  on  level  ground  

3.  Cause  of  accident    

4.  Who  injured,  and  to  what  extent 

5.  Is  the  track  obstructed  and  to  what  extent 

6.  Can  trains  pass  wreck  by  running  through  side  track 

7.  Is  engine  disabled 

8.  Is  engine  or  tender  off  track  and  in  what  position 

9.  How  many  loaded  cars  off  track 

10.  How  many  cars  behind  cars  wrecked 

11.  How  many  cars  ahead  of  cars  wrecked 

1 2.  How  much  track  damaged 

13.  How  much  force  will  be  required  to  clear  track 

14.  How  long  will  it  take  to  clear  track , 

15.  How  many  trucks  needed    

1 6.  Remarks:    . 


Signature 


56  TELEGRAPHY 

Conductors  and  others  making  this  report  of  acci- 
dent by  telegraph  will  use  this  form.  In  making  this 
report  be  careful  to  fill  up  all  questions  noted  above. 

In  transmitting  the  report,  operators  will  give 
NUMBERS  of  the  report  only. 

Conductors  and  operators  must  keep  a  supply  of 
these  blanks  on  hand  constantly. 

TELEGRAPH  OPERATOR 

He  reports  to  and  receives  instructions  from  the 
Chief  Train  Dispatcher,  and  must  obey  the  orders 
of  the  station  agent,  when  they  do  not  interfere  with 
his  duty  as  operator. 

At  offices  where  only  one  operator  is  required, 
office  hours  are  usually  from  8:00  A.M.,  to  8:00  P.M., 
unless  closed  earlier  by  orders  of  the  Chief  Train 
Dispatcher.  Where  there  are  night  operators  also, 
the  night  operator  takes  charge  of  the  office  from 
8 :  oo  P.M.  until  8 :  oo  A.M.  On  Sundays  the  Chief  Train 
Dispatcher  may  vary  the  hours  at  his  discretion,  as 
the  exigencies  of  the  service  may  require.  Where 
there  is  no  independent  commercial  office  the  offices 
must  be  kept  open  from  9:00  to  10:00  A.M.  and 
from  4:  oo  to  5 :  oo  P.M.  for  commercial  business.  At 
offices  where  two  or  more  operators  are  employed, 
the  service  must  be  continuous,  one  relieving  the 
other  for  meals,  etc.,  and  each  must  transfer  to  the 
relief  operator,  all  train  orders  and  unfinished  busi- 
ness, and  must  explain  the  same. 

At  stations  where  work  trains  lie  over  for  the  night, 
the  operator  must  furnish  the  conductor  with  train 
orders  each  morning. 


TELEGRAPHY --TRAIN   ORDERS        57 

He  must  also  keep  a  full  set  of  signals  on  hand 
for  use  in  accord  with  the  rules  of  the  company. 

He  must  remain  in  his  office  when  trains  are  at 
the  station,  unless  required  to  leave  his  post  on  ac- 
count of  business  connected  with  trains. 

He  must  adjust  the  relays  carefully,  especially 
during  wet  ,weather.  In  case  of  a  break  or  an  in- 
terruption of  circuit,  he  must  carefully  examine  the 
office  connections,  switchboard,  and  instruments,  and 
if  the  trouble  is  not  in  reach,  apply  the  ground  wire, 
reporting  to  the  terminal  office  in  the  other  direction. 
The  ground  wire  must  not  be  used  for  any  other 
purpose.  If  the  current  is  broken  for  any  unusual 
length  of  time,  he  must  notify  the  track  foreman. 
In  case  of  a  storm  which  may  damage  the  instrument, 
he  must  cut  the  office  out,  but  if  possible  report  to 
the  Train  Dispatcher's  office  before  doing  so. 

At  5:  oo  P.M.,  daily,  except  Sundays,  the  signal 
"  28 "  will  be  transmitted,  beginning  exactly  one 
minute  before  five  o'clock,  —  meaning  car  report. 
Each  operator  must  then  make  a  report  of  cars, 
thirty  seconds  being  allowed  between  reports  for 
each  operator  to  take  his  turn,  those  missing  their 
turns  waiting  until  the  others  have  finished. 

Car  Reports  are  telegraphic  reports  furnished  daily 
by  the  yard  master,  giving  the  number  of  cars  in  the 
yards,  the  car  initials,  kind  of  cars,  and  whether 
empty  or  loaded,  etc. 

This  is  an  important  duty,  and  care  should  be 
taken  that  these  reports  are  absolutely  correct,  both 
in  making  up  and  in  transmission. 

The  prescribed  forms  will  be  furnished  by  the 
company. 


58  TELEGRAPHY 

All  messages  received  for  transmittance  must  be 
strictly  confidential. 

The  operator  must  have  on  hand  at  least  thirty 
days'  supply  of  stationery,  telegraph  blanks,  etc. 

MONTHLY  REPORTS 

Special  forms  are  furnished  the  operator  and  agent 
upon  which  to  make  out  their  monthly  reports  of  all 
business  transacted  for  the  railroad  company  during 
the  month.  A  strict  account  of  all  telegraphic  reports 
and  other  business,  such  as  train  orders,  telegrams 
concerning  express  or  freight,  or  deadhead  messages 
of  any  kind  must  be  reported  on  the  regular  forms  at 
the  end  of  the  month. 

Special  forms  are  furnished  for  monthly  report  of 
all  express  work,  and  a  strict  or  accurate  account  of 
all  work  done  must  be  noted  on  form  as  directed. 
(Follow  directions  on  form.) 

Special  forms  are  furnished  for  the  monthly  report 
of  all  freight  work  transacted  during  the  month,  and 
the  agent  is  requested  to  follow  instructions  on  form. 
All  money  received  for  freight  or  express  must  be 
deposited  in  a  bank  named  by  the  company  to  the 
credit  of  the  company,  or  agent  of  the  company,  as 
the  case  may  be. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  is  said  of  the  importance  of  train  orders? 

2.  Give  order  of  transmitting  train  orders. 

3.  Explain   what   becomes   of   same,    from   time   of 

transmission  up  to  time  of  monthly  report,  and 
how  report  is  made  to  Superintendent. 


TELEGRAPHY  — TRAIN    ORDERS        59 

4.  Write  out  a  train  order. 

5.  What  is  meant  by  reporting  trains? 

6.  How  often  are  trains  reported,  and  to  whom? 

7.  What   is   meant    by    Conductor's  Telegraphic 

Report? 

8.  Is  there  more  than  one  form  of  accident  reports? 

9.  What  is  meant  by  signal  "  28  "  ?  Explain  it. 

10.  Explain  some  of  the  duties  of  the  operator. 


CHAPTER  XII 

WAY  BILLS,   BILLS   OF   LADING,   ETC. 


WAY  BILL 

RAILROAD   COMPANY 

BILL  OF  LADING 


Received  by Railroad  Company 

at  Fayetteville,  Tenn Station 2-21 1910 

from  C.  G.  Stafford  &  Co. 


Marks  and  Numbers 

Articles 

Weight 
(Subject  to  correction) 

Consignee  A.  Armand 

60  Cases  Eggs 

3,000 

Destination. 

Place  Havana, 

County  

State..  Cuba    ... 
Consignees  ad- 
dress as  informa- 
tion only  and  for 
purposes  of  deliv- 
ery .  . 

Route 

A  CL  Car  AW  to  Tai 

-npa,  Independent  Line 

Steamers,  Tampa  to  Havana. 


Charges  advanced,  $34.80 

and $ JOHN  HENSON,  Agent. 

(The  signature  of  the  agent  here  acknowledges  only  the  receipt  of 
the  property  and  the  charges  advanced,  if  any.) 


WAY  BILLS,   BILLS   OF  LADING,   ETC.     61 


The  Blank  Spaces  below  must  not  be  Filled  up  by  Shipper 
The  rate  of  freight  from to is  in  cents: 

PER  ONE  HUNDRED 


If  Times 
ist  Class 

If 

i  st  Class 

If 

ad  Class 

If 

3d  Class 

If 

4th  Class 

If 

5th  Class 

If 

6th  Class 

If 

Class  A 

POUNDS 

Per 

Per  

Barrel 

If 

Class  B 

If 

Class  C 

If 

Class  D 

If 

Class  E 

If 

Class  H 

If 

Class  F 

IF 
SPECIAL. 

1.16 

JOHN  HENSON,  Agent. 

(The  signature  of  the  Agent  here  acknowledges  only  the  rate  given.) 
Received  $34.80 .  .  .  .to  apply  in  prepayment  of  the  charges  on  the  property 
described  above. 

JOHN  HENSON,  Agent. 

(The  signature  of  the  Agent  here  acknowledges  only  the  amount  pre- 
paid.) 

Rates  apply  only  on  property  shipped  subject  to  the 
conditions  of  the  standard  bill  of  lading. 

The  contents  of  any  package  must  be  ascertained 
before  it  leaves  the  office  or  shipping  point,  or  it  must 
be  charged  as  first  class.  No  shipment  is  to  be  re- 
ceived for  transportation  which  is  marked  "Sundries," 
"Mdse,"  or  "  Manuscript,"  without  a  careful  investi- 
gation, the  contents  of  the  package  ascertained,  and 
the  class  marked  upon  the  way  bill  and  bill  of  lading. 

The  way  bill  is  a  bill  for  the  routing  of  goods,  while 
the  bill  of  lading  is  a  receipt  for  the  shipper  for  the 
goods  received  for  shipment,  and  for  money  paid  in  to 


62  TELEGRAPHY 

prepay  charges,  or  largely  to  do  so.  The  name  of 
the  shipper,  point  of  shipment,  class  of  goods,  con- 
signee, and  destination  must  be  marked  plainly  on 
both  the  way  bill  and  bill  of  lading. 

Immediately  after  the  address  of  the  consignee,  the 
car  number  is  given.  The  car  number  is  also  marked 
on  the  bill  of  lading,  so  that  the  goods  may  be  easily 
traced. 

The  following  points  or  spaces  will  be  observed  by 
the  agent: 

1.  Time  of  departure,  marked  up  in  right-hand 
corner. 

2.  Number  of  packages,  first  space  to  left. 

3.  Value  of  articles,  second  space. 

4.  Name  of  shipper,  third  space. 

5.  Consignee,  fourth  space. 

6.  Destination,  fifth  space. 

7.  Weight  of  package,  sixth  space. 

8.  Through  rates  according  to  class,  seventh  space. 

9.  Extra  charges  for  bridge  tolls,  extra  handling, 
etc.,  eighth  space. 

10.  Freight  to  be  collected,  ninth  space. 

11.  Freight  already  collected,  or  amount  of  money 
collected,  tenth  space. 

12.  Amount  of  money  paid  through,  eleventh  space. 

13.  Remarks  concerning  the  package  or  transpor- 
tation of  same,  twelfth  space. 

In  filling  out  the  spaces  be  careful  to  give  the  cor- 
rect rate,  or  minimum  rate,  as  set  apart  by  the  rules 
of  the  company. 

Add  all  columns,  bringing  down  figures  at  the  foot 
of  column. 

On  all  shipments  made  for  a  this  line  office  and 


WAY  BILLS,   BILLS  OF  LADING,   ETC.     63 

other  line  offices  where  the  destination  is  on  other 
line,  the  way  bill  is  marked  "thro,"  meaning  a  through 
shipment. 

The  agent  at  the  destination  of  the  package  must 
weigh  it,  and  if  the  weight  corresponds  with  the 
weight  on  the  way  bill,  check  it  "OK"  If  incor- 
rect, he  must  notify  the  agent  at  the  point  where  the 
shipment  was  made. 

The  messenger  in  charge  on  trains  will  mark  each 
transfer  point  on  package  in  the  spaces  at  the  top  of 
the  way  bill. 

The  time  of  the  departure  of  the  package  is  marked 
by  the  sending  agent  at  the  top  of  the  way  bill,  in 
the  right-hand  corner. 

Articles  must  be  properly  wrapped,  crated,  and 
protected  before  receiving  them  for  shipment. 

|       (a)   The    classification    of    articles    "In    the 
Articles  classified  [  Rough,"  applies  to  such  articles,  when  sawed, 
"In  the  rough"      hewn,  planed,  or  bent,  or  other  such  manufactur- 
ing has  begun. 

Articles  classified  [b\  When  articles  have  received  one  coat  of 
priming  but  have  not  been  finished,  or  have  not 
been  varnished. 

(c)   When  articles  have  been  finished  or  have 
Articles  classic         passed   the   gtage   of   manufacture   COVered   by 

sections  (a)  and  (b)  of  this  rule. 


'In  the  white' 


Articles  classified 
"Nested" 


When    articles    fit    closely,    one    within 


another. 


Articles  classified  j       (e)   When    articles   are   properly   packed,   or 
"Packed"  j  crated  in  box,  barrel,  or  similar  carrier. 

.      .-    ,]       Articles  in  slatted  boxes  must  have  the  same 
;d     rate  as  when  shipped  in  boxes,  unless  otherwise 
)  specified. 

Heavy  and  bulky  articles  are  shipped  at  a  minimum 
rate  of  so  much  per  1000  or  2000  Ibs. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  agent  before  signing  a  receipt 


64  TELEGRAPHY 

for  articles  "In  good  condition"  to  examine  the  pack- 
age first  and  discover  if  the  statement  is  correct  or 
not. 

A  minimum  car  weight  is  20,000  Ibs.  regardless  of 
the  length  of  the  car,  and  a  carload  is  reckoned  by 
the  minimum  weight  unless  otherwise  specified. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  ARTICLES 

1  ist  class  1-1/2     One  and  one  half  times  first  class 

2  2nd  class  3X1        Three  times  first  class 

3  3rd  class  4X1        Four  times  first  class 

4  4th  class  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  and  H  stand  for  classes 

5  5th  class 

6  6th  class 

Duplicates  of  all  way  bills  must  be  kept  in  the 
office. 

Tissue  copies  are  also  required.     The  agent  must 
record  all  way  bills  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the 
accounting  department  promptly  on  their  arrival  at 
stations,   and  must  make  complete  record  of  train 
number,  date,  and  name  of  conductor  by  whom  re- 
ceived, on  the  face  of  way  bills,  also  any  exceptions 
to  quantity  discovered  in  unloading. 
L.  C.  L.     Stands  for  Less  than  a  carload. 
C.  L.          Stands  for  Carload. 
N.  O.  S.     Stands  for  Not  otherwise  specified  in  this 

classification. 

S.  U.          Stands  for  Set  up. 
K.  D.         Stands  for  Knocked  down. 
A  star  (*)  denotes  a  change  or  addition  since  last  issue. 

Way  bills  are  turned  over  to  the  agent  by  the  express 
messenger  in  charge  of  the  train.  The  rates  or  charges 
are  given  according  to  class  per  100  Ibs. 


WAY   BILLS,    BILLS    OF   LADING,    ETC.       65 


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66  TELEGRAPHY 

In  the  event  of  an  apparent  overcharge  in  the 
matter  of  freight,  or  express  charges,  which  cannot 
be  adjusted  on  account  of  inability  to  verify  rate  or 
other  legitimate  causes,  it  is  well  for  the  agent  to 
collect  for  the  full  amount  of  the  charge,  refunding 
after  the  matter  has  been  adjusted  with  the  company. 

MONEY  ORDERS 

Money  orders  issued  by  the  express  companies  are 
payable  all  over  the  United  States,  Canada,  Cuba,  etc. 

A  receipt  is  given  by  the  agent,  and  if  the  money  is 
lost  the  amount  is  payable  to  the  sender.  It  is  not 
sent  at  the  sender's  risk. 

A  special  rate  is  made  for  money  orders,  which  will 
be  furnished  by  company. 

A  money  way  bill  is  similar  to  a  freight  way  bill. 

(This  report  is  sent  to  the  Superintendent  for  each 
quarter.) 

(A  copy  of  all  way  bills  is  made  upon  the  abstract 
sheet  and  is  kept  in  the  office  for  reference.) 

RAILROAD  TELEGRAMS. 

Railroad  telegraph  blanks  are  used  only  in  railroad 
service.  It  is  necessary  to  count  the  words  in  the 
check  the  same  as  in  any  other  message.  Such  rail- 
road messages  are  transmitted  "DH"  (dead  head), 
meaning  free  from  charge,  and  are  used  in  tracing 
shipments  and  other  important  railroad  business. 

TELEGRAPH  OPERATOR 

A  full  statement  of  the  duties  of  the  railroad  tele- 
graph operator  will  be  found  under  the  heading  of 
"  Telegraph  Operator  "  on  page  56. 


WAY  BILLS,  BILLS  OF  LADING,   ETC.     67 


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TELEGRAPHY 


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WAY  BILLS,   BILLS   OF  LADING,   ETC.     69 


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WAY  BILLS,   BILLS   OF  LADING,   ETC.     71 


All  thnt  of  tUM  blanks  muit  bt  filled  oat  by  Apnt  and  Mat  with  KtmliUncc  to  thi  Buk  In  which  taty 
DeiHMlt  U«  Compuy-i  (end.  tor  th.U  Cndlt. 


Railroad  Company. 


STATEMENT  OF  REMITTANCE. 

Made  to Bant. 

Prom « Agent Station 

Date  forwarded  from  Station , _ 190  ... 

Currency 

Received - 190 

Gold. 

Checks , $. 

Vouchers  . . 

Total  _ 

Corrections • ~ '. 

v Agent 

Agents  will  be  given  credit  for  amount  remitted  on  day  received  by  Bank. 

Railroad  Company. 

STATEMENT  OF  REMITTANCE. 

Station '.190    .. 

Cashier 

.Below  you  will  find  Statement  of  remittance  forwarded  to  your  Bank  this  day 

per „ .. total  amount  of  which  is  $.. to  be  placed  to  the 

credit  of    LINE  RAILROAD  COMPANY,   and  to  be  credited  to  my  account  on  the 

books  of  that  Company. 

Agent 

Currency...  . 

Specie 

Gold..-. 

Checks.... Correction! 

Vouchers',  ftc.. 
Total 

Line  Railroad  Company. 

STATEMENT  OF  REMITTANCE. 

Station 190.... 

Cashier , 

Below  you  will  find  Statement  of  remittance  forwarded  to  your  Bank  this  day 

per total  amount  of  which  is  $ to  be  placed  to  the 

credit  of    LINE  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  and  to  be  credited  to  my  account  on  the 

books  of  that  Company. 

Agent. 

STATEMENT. 

Date  Received  at  Bank 

«T- 

Gold 

Checks.... 
ichers.< 
Total. 


Statement  of  Remittance 


CHAPTER   XIII 

FILING 

IN  order  that  an  office  may  be  systematically  arranged 
and  conducted  a  method  of  filing  should  be  employed 
which  can  be  easily  and  readily  understood  by  the 
office  force.  The  following  system  is  recommended  to 
the  progressive  business  office. 

Files  numbered  from  i  to  -  — .  If  last  year  or 
older,  designated  as  follows,  123-0  (old).  If  new, 
i23~N  (new)  or  123-9  (I9°9)?  123-10  (1910).  Thus 
figures  or  characters  may  represent  the  dates  of  the 
files. 

These  numbers  are  carried  into  an  index  book  with 
numbers  corresponding  to  the  files,  and  this  book  is 
numbered  in  order.  Following  the  number  is  the  sub- 
ject to  which  the  respective  file  relates,  thus: 

"  123-0.  Rates  on  Wheat,  Rice,  and  Corn,  Chicago 
to  Jacksonville,  Florida."  (Or  terminus  of  rates.) 

"i234~N.  Rates  on  Lumber,  Bangor,  Me.,  to 
Havana,  Cuba." 

"i54~N.  Position  as  Stenographer.  Application 
by- 

Files  relating  to  claims  are  the  O.  S.  &  D.  files  and 
are  arranged  in  the  same  manner. 

It  is  well  to  have  several  baskets  where  several 
subjects  are  very  much  discussed,  which  will  preserve 
the  file  by  avoiding  handling,  and  to  place  carefully 


FILING  73 

in  the  basket  letters  relating  to  a  certain  subject  with 
answers  attached  (pinning  the  answer  neatly  with  a 
fastener  on  top  of  the  letter  received) .  File  according 
to  dates,  the  last  letter  received  or  the  last  corre- 
spondence occupying  the  top  space.  When  the  file 
is  complete,  place  it  in  the  original  file  marked  and 
indexed. 

In  order  that  the  trend  of  the  correspondence  may 
be  accurately  kept,  the  stenographer  should  prepare 
a  card  with  numbers  reading  across  the  page,  thus: 

©03456 

7    8    9    10    ii    12 

13    14    15    16    17    18 

19    20    21    22    23    24 

When  a  letter  relating  to  a  new  subject  is  received, 
and  an  answer  is  dictated,  the  stenographer  in  copying 
from  his  dictation  comes  to  the  letter  without  any 
given  file  number  (which  is  always  dictated  where 
files  have  been  arranged).  He  will  then  refer  to  the 
card  and  check  the  next  NEW  NUMBER,  writing  it 
at  the  top  of  his  "Reply"  and  attaching  a  carbon 
copy  of  it  to  the  "Received  Letter"  on  top,  and 
placing  both  either  in  the  file  or  a  basket. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  How  and  when  are  files  numbered? 

2.  How  should  letters  "Received"  and  "Answered" 

be  filed?     How  according  to  dates? 

3.  How  indexed? 

4.  What  is  said  of  filing  claims? 


74  TELEGRAPHY 

5.  Should  this  system  of  filing  be  established  in  every 

office? 

6.  How  should  the  stenographer  keep  up  with  his 

new  files? 

7.  Is  system  necessary  in  offices  to 'advance  the  wel- 

fare of  the  business? 


CHAPTER  XIV 

SIGNALS 

FLAGS  of  the  prescribed  color  must  be  used  by  day, 
and  lamps  of  corresponding  color  by  night. 
Night  signals  are  displayed  from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

Red Stop 

White Proceed 

Green Proceed  with  caution 

Green  &  White    .    .    .   Stop  at  Flag  Station 

Blue Do  not  couple  or  move  car,  workmen  about  it. 

A  fusee  near  the  track  burning  red  must  not  be 
passed  until  burned  out. 

HAND  FLAG  AND  LAMP  SIGNALS 

Swung  across  the  track Stop 

Raised  and  lowered  vertically Proceed 

Swung  vertically  across  the  track  when  train  is 

standing Back 

Swung  vertically  in  a  circle  at  arm's  length  across 

the  track  when  train  is  moving Train  has  parted 

Swung  horizontally  in  a  circle  when  train  is 

standing Apply  air  brakes 

Held  at  arm's  length  above  the  head  when  train 

is  standing Release  air  brakes 

AUDIBLE  SIGNALS 

The  signals  prescribed  are  indicated  by  "0"  for 
short  sounds  and  " "  for  long  sounds. 


76  TELEGRAPHY 

O Stop.     Apply  brakes 

Release  brakes 

—  O  O  O Flagman  go  back  and  protect  rear  of  train 

....   Flagman  return  from  west  or  south 

.    .   Flagman  return  from  east  or  north 

-   ....  When  running,  train  parted;  to  be  repeated 
until  answered  by  hand  signal 

O  O Answer  to  signals  not  otherwise  provided 

for 

O  O  O       When  train  is  standing,  back 

O  O  O  O  O      ........  Call  for  signals 

O  O      .    .  To  call  the  attention  of  trains  of  the  same 

or  inferior  class  to  signals  displayed 

O  O    ....  Approaching  crossings  at  grade 

.  Approaching  stations,  junctions,  and  rail- 
road crossings  at  grade 

A  succession  of  short  whistles  is  an  alarm  for  per- 
sons or  cattle  on  the  track,  and  calls  the  attention 
of  the  trainmen  to  danger  ahead. 

The  explosion  of  a  torpedo  is  a  signal  to  "Stop." 
The  explosion  of  two  or  more,  not  more  than  two  hun- 
dred feet  apart,  is  a  signal  to  reduce  speed  and  look 
out  for  a  "Stop"  signal. 

Torpedoes  must  not  be  placed  near  crossings  or 
stations  where  people  are  liable  to  be  injured  by  them. 

Am  WHISTLES  AND  BELL  CORD  SIGNALS 

SOUND  INDICATION 

Two When  train  is  standing,  start 

Two When  train  is  running,  stop  at  once 

Three When  train  is  standing,  back 

Three When  train  is  running,  stop  at  next  station 

Four When  train  is  standing,  apply  or  release  air  brakes 

Four When  train  is  running,  reduce  speed 

Five When  train  is  standing,  call  in  flagman. 

Five When  train  is  running,  increase  speed 


SIGNALS  77 

TRAIN  SIGNALS 

The  following  signals  will  be  displayed,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  rear  of  every  train  as  markers  to  indi- 
cate the  end  of  the  train:  by  day  a  green  flag,  by  night 
a  green  lamp  to  the  front  and  side  and  a  red  light  to  the 
rear,  except  when  the  train  turns  out  to  be  passed  by  an- 
other and  is  clear  of  the  main  track,  in  which  case  a  green 
light  must  be  displayed  to  the  front,  side,  and  rear. 

Extra  trains  will  display  two  white  flags  by  day 
and  two  white  lights  by  night  in  the  places  provided 
for  that  purpose. 

When  cars  are  pushed  by  an  engine,  except  when 
shifting,  a  white  light  must  be  displayed  on  the  front 
of  the  leading  car  by  night. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  are  the  colors  used  by  day  and  by  night, 

and  what  is  used  to  represent  them? 

2.  What  is  said  of  a  fusee  burning  red  near  the  track? 

3.  What  is  the  signal  to  stop?    To  proceed?    Back? 

Train  has  parted?      Apply    air    brakes?      Re- 
lease air  brakes? 

4.  How  are  long  and  short  sounds  indicated? 

5.  Give  all  the  sounds  and  their  meaning. 

6.  What  is  meant  by  a  succession  of  short  sounds? 

7.  What  is  meant  by  the  explosion  of  a  torpedo? 

8.  Give  the  different  air  whistle  or  bell  cord  signals 

and  their  meaning. 

9.  What  are  train  signals,, and  how  displayed? 

10.  What  signals  are  provided  for  extra  trains? 

11.  What  signal  is  used  when  cars  are  pushed  by  an 

engine,  except  when  shifting? 


CHAPTER  XV 

RELIEF  DEPARTMENT 

THE  Relief  Department  is  a  department  of  a  rail- 
road in  the  nature  of  a  mutual  benefit  association. 

CERTIFICATE  OF  MEMBERSHIP 

No 

Office  of  the  Superintendent 19 

This  certifies  that 

employed  by  the Railroad  Company,  is  a  member  of 

the  Relief  Fund  of  the  Relief  Department  of  the 

Railroad  Company,  and  is  entitled  to  the  benefit  provided  by  the .... 
class,  with Additional  Death  Benefit  of  the  first  class. 


Superintendent  of  the  Relief  Department. 

This  fund  is  for  the  benefit  of  the  employees  of  the 
road,  but  after  resigning  a  position,  the  death  benefit 
may  be  kept  up  with  the  company.  It  is  a  splendid 
institution  of  its  kind. 

Railroad  hospitals  are  carried  on  by  the  same 
means,  and  any  one  in  possession  of  one  of  these  cer- 
tificates has  the  benefit  of  certain  hospitals  included 
in  his  division,  or  section,  as  the  company  may 
determine. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  is  meant  by  the  Relief  Department? 

2.  For  what  use  was  this  department  organized? 

3.  Who  are  entitled  to  benefits? 

4.  After  an  employee  has  resigned,  has  he  still  a  right 

to  the  benefits  of  the  department? 

5.  What  is  the  death  benefit? 


CHAPTER   XVI 

TIME    TABLES 

TIME  tables  are  employed  for  the  movement  of 
regular  trains  subject  to  rules.  They  contain  the 
schedules  of  trains  with  special  instructions  relating 
to  them. 

Each  time  table  from  the  time  it  takes  effect  super- 
sedes the  preceding  time  table.  Time  table  schedules 
unless  fulfilled  are  generally  in  effect  twelve  hours 
after  they  are  issued. 


CHAPTER   XVII 

DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS 
TRAIN  MASTER 

IT  is  the  duty  of  the  train  master  to  examine  and 
see  that  subordinates  understand  and  observe  the 
rules  prescribed  for  them,  and  that  they  are  furnished 
with  the  necessary  signals,  time  tables,  etc. 

They  must  see  that  cars  are  properly  distributed, 
loaded  and  unloaded,  and  in  case  of  accident,  they 
must  take  charge  of  clearing  the  road  and  must  make 
sure  that  every  precaution  is  taken  to  insure  the 
safety  of  trains,  and  to  protect  property  in  charge  of 
or  belonging  to  the  company. 

They  must  report  to  and  receive  instructions  from 
Superintendents,  and  must  exercise  a  general  super- 
vision over  all  trainmen  and  other  employees  in  the 
transportation  service. 

SUPERINTENDENT  OF  TELEGRAPH 

The  Superintendent  of  Telegraph  has  the  charge 
and  the  management  of  the  telegraph  system,  espe- 
cially connections  between  the  divisions  at  junctions, 
the  transmission  of  standard  time,  and  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company's  business  transacted 
over  the  line.  He  has  the  direction  of  employees  in 
the  telegraph  service,  as  far  as  their  duties  are  con- 
cerned. 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS  81 

CHIEF  TRAIN  DISPATCHER 

The  Chief  Train  Dispatcher  is  in  charge  of  the 
distribution  of  cars,  examination  of  telegraph  oper- 
ators, and  has  supervision  over  train  order  books, 
seeing  that  train  orders  are  properly  recorded,  and 
also  that  a  correct  register  of  trains  is  kept.  He  must 
see  that  bulletin  orders  and  notices  are  posted  in 
bulletin  books  for  thirty  days;  after  which  those  still 
in  force  must  be  reissued. 

He  must  make  reports  to  the  Superintendent,  and 
comply  with  the  instructions  of  the  Superintendent 
of  Telegraph  in  regard  to  telegraphic  service. 

TRAIN  DISPATCHER 

The  Train  Dispatcher  must  issue  orders  for  the 
movement  of  trains  in  the  name  of  the  Superintend- 
ent of  Transportation.  He  must  sign  office  copies  of 
outstanding  train  orders,  and  on  being  relieved  by  an- 
other dispatcher  explain  outstanding  train  orders  to 
him. 

He  must  also  see  that  the  test  signal,  "Wire,"  is 
given  proper  attention. 

The  Train  Dispatcher  reports  to  and  receives  in- 
structions from  the  Chief  Train  Dispatcher. 

STATION  MASTER 

The  Station  Master  must  make  reports  to  the 
Superintendent  who  will  issue  instructions  to  his 
office,  and  he  must  also  obey  orders  of  the  train 
master. 

He  has  charge  of  all  passenger  stations,  and  the  force 


82  TELEGRAPHY 

employed,  must  attend  to  making  up  the  trains,  and 
must  also  see  that  they  leave  on  time. 

He  must  familiarize  himself  with  the  rules  of  the 
passenger  service  and  with  the  duties  of  the  em- 
ployees connected  with  passenger  trains,  and  he  must 
see  that  conductors  and  trainmen  are  ready  at  the 
appointed  time  and  provided  with  signals,  current 
time  tables,  etc.  He  must  also  see  that  trains  and 
cars  leaving  his  station  have  been  properly  inspected 
and  furnished  with  water,  ice,  fuel,  etc. 

PASSENGER  CONDUCTOR 

The  Passenger  Conductor  must  report  to  the 
Superintendent  and  will  obey  orders  of  the  Superin- 
tendent and  Train  Master. 

He  must  be  familiar  with  the  duties  of  the  engine- 
man,  fireman,  baggage  master,  flagmen,  brakemen, 
parlor  and  sleeping  car  conductors,  mail  agent,  ex- 
press messengers,  news  agents,  and  baggage  agents, 
and  enforce  the  rules  applicable  to  them  upon  their 
trains. 

He  must  examine  bulletin  books  before  and  after 
each  trip,  and  sign  his  name  to  all  orders. 

He  must  collect  the  proper  ticket  from  each  pas- 
senger and  send  such  ticket  or  tickets  to  the  auditor 
of  passenger  receipts.  Further  instructions  will  be 
issued  by  the  company. 

BAGGAGE  MASTER 

He  must  receive  and  handle  with  care  and  properly 
deliver  all  packages,  company's  mail,  and  supplies, 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS  83 

which  may  be  placed  in  his  charge  on  his  train,  and 
must  make  reports  to  the  train  master,  who  will 
issue  instructions  to  him.  While  on  the  train  he  is 
subject  to  the  orders  of  the  conductor.  At  stations, 
the  station  masters  will  direct  him,  and  he  will  con- 
form to  the  instructions  issued  by  the  traffic  and  ac- 
counting departments. 

PASSENGER  BRAKEMAN 

He  will  receive  instructions  from  the  train  master, 
and  when  on  the  train  will  be  under  the  direction  of 
the  conductor.  Reports  will  be  made  to  the  train 
master.  He  must  also  obey  orders  of  the  station 
master  at  stations. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  brakeman  to  attend  to  the 
brakes,  assist  the  conductor  in  the  proper  distribu- 
tion of  passengers,  and  give  special  attention  to 
heaters,  ventilators,  and  lights  within  the  cars.  He 
must  also  announce  the  names  of  stations  at  stopping 
places,  and  at  meal  stations  the  time  allowed  for  meals, 
and  notify  passengers  in  case  it  is  necessary  to  change 
cars,  etc. 

YARD  MASTER 

The  yard  master  reports  to  and  receives  instruc- 
tions from  the  train  master. 

He  has  charge  of  the  yard  where  trains  are  made 
up,  of  the  men  employed,  the  movement  of  the  trains, 
and  the  distribution  of  the  cars. 

He  must  familiarize  himself  with  the  rules  of  the 
freight  service  and  with  the  duties  of  every  employee 
connected  with  trains,  and  require  prompt  and  effi- 
cient discharge  of  their  duties  in  the  yard. 


84  TELEGRAPHY 

He  must  make  requisition  on  round-house  foremen 
for  engines  required,  stating  the  hour  wanted. 

He  must  see  that  conductors  are  provided  with 
way  bills  and  card  manifests  for  loading  cars  leaving 
his  station,  that  doors  of  loaded  cars  are  properly 
fastened,  and  that  way  bills  or  manifests  are  received 
for  cars  arriving  at  his  station.  He  must  see  that  a 
record  is  kept  of  the  number  and  date  of  each  car  ar- 
riving at  and  departing  from  his  station. 

Trains  should  be  made  up  as  far  as  practicable  in 
the  following  order:  cars  equipped  with  air  brakes 
in 'forward  portion,  cars  containing  oil  or  explosives 
in  middle  portion,  and  empty  cars  in  the  rear,  in  the 
following  order  from  the  caboose,  flat  cars,  coal  oil 
tank  cars,  box  cars,  and  stock  cars,  except  that  live 
stock  in  local  freight  trains  must  be  placed  directly 
ahead  of  the  caboose. 

FREIGHT  CONDUCTOR 

The  freight  conductor  reports  to  the  train  master 
and  is  under  his  direct  supervision.  At  stations  he 
must  obey  the  orders  of  the  station  master,  and  he  is 
subject  to  the  orders  of  the  traffic  department  and 
accounting  department. 

He  is  responsible  for  the  safety  and  the  prompt 
movement  of  his  train,  the  conduct  of  employees 
thereon,  and  for  the  signals,  lamps,  tools,  and  other 
equipment  intrusted  to  their  care. 

He  must  familiarize  himself  with  the  duties  of  the 
engineman,  fireman,  flagmen,  and  brakemen. 

He  must  examine  the  bulletin  books  before  and 
after  each  trip,  and  sign  his  name  to  all  orders.  He 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS  85 

must  run  his  train  in  accord  with  the  current  time 
table. 

He  must  assist  in  shifting  and  making  up  his  train, 
and  inspect  couplings  and  brakes  of  cars  as  often  as 
possible. 

He  must  get  a  way  bill  or  card  manifest  from  the 
agent  or  yard  master  for  each  loaded  car  attached  to 
his  train,  and  must  deliver  this  way  bill  or  card  mani- 
fest to  the  agent  or  yard  master  where  the  car  is  left. 
Should  there  be  no  agent  or  yard  master  at  that 
point,  he  will  give  the  way  bill  or  card  manifest  to 
the  agent  or  yard  master  at  the  terminus  of  his  run. 

He  must  handle  freight  carefully,  see  that  the  cars 
are  fastened  and  sealed,  carefully  check  off  on  way 
bills  all  articles  left  at  points  where  there  is  no  agent, 
and  in  case  freight  is  damaged  in  transit  he  must 
make  note  of  this  upon  the  face  of  the  way  bill  and 
make  a  report  to  the  freight  claim  agent.  He  must  also 
enter  upon  his  reports  the  number  of  cars  taken  from 
and  left  at  each  station;  and  when  freight  is  trans- 
ferred from  one  car  to  another,  he  must  make  note 
upon  the  way  bill  or  card  manifest  the  number  of  the 
car  into  which  the  freight  is  loaded,  as  well  as  the 
place  where  the  transfer  is  made  and  the  condition  of 
the  freight. 

FLAGMAN 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  flagman  to  protect  the  rear  of 
his  train,  and  he  must  never  leave  that  post  except 
to  protect  the  train.  After  reading  train  orders  he 
must  bear  them  in  mind,  and  should  there  be  occa- 
sion to  do  so  remind  the  conductor  of  them. 


86  TELEGRAPHY 

If  a  train  parts,  the  flagman  must  immediately 
apply  the  brakes  and  stop  the  cars,  and  then  send 
forward  the  first  available  person  to  make  danger 
signals  until  the  front  portion  comes  back,  but  with- 
out losing  any  time  in  protecting  the  rear  of  the  train. 

He  receives  instructions  from  the  train  master  and 
is  under  the  direction  of  the  conductor  when  on  duty. 

He  must  have  on  hand  the  proper  signals  for  his 
run. 

FREIGHT  BRAKEMAN 

The  freight  brakeman  reports  and  receives  in- 
structions from  the  train  master.  While  on  trains  he 
is  subject  to  the  rules  of  the  conductor,  and  at  sta- 
tions must  obey  the  orders  of  the  yard  master. 

He  must  attend  to  brakes,  must  assist  in  loading 
and  unloading  freight,  and  aid  the  conductor  in  in- 
specting the  cars  when  the  train  stops  for  water  or 
for  other  trains. 

It  is  his  duty  to  protect  the  front  part  of  the  train 
whenever  the  fireman  is  unable  to  leave  the  engine. 

STATION  AGENT 

He  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Superintendent 
and  makes  his  reports  to  him.  He  must  obey  the 
orders  of  the  train  master  and  chief  train  dispatcher 
and  must  comply  with  instructions  issued  from  other 
departments. 

He  must  familiarize  himself  with  the  geography  of 
the  system  and  with  the  routes  of  traffic  between  the 
different  divisions. 

He  is  responsible  for  cars  left  at  his  station,  must 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS  87 

see  that  the  proper  brakes  are  applied,  and  must  also 
see  that  the  cars  are  not  moved  by  unauthorized 
persons  and  are  not  left  in  a  way  to  obstruct  the 
street  or  public  crossings.  He  must  also  attend  to 
the  prompt  loading  and  unloading  of  cars  and  to  for- 
warding them. 

He  must  keep  a  freight  tariff  and  such  other  regu- 
lations as  govern  the  transportation  of  freight  and 
passengers  as  may  be  required  posted  in  a  place 
provided  for  them. 

He  can  neither  sell  tickets  on  credit  nor  deliver 
freight  without  collecting  charges,  except  upon 
special  authority  of  the  proper  officer. 

He  must  not  receive  freight  for  transportation 
which  is  not  in  a  safe  condition  for  handling. 

The  agents  will  keep  in  their  offices  exact  dupli- 
cates of  the  bills  of  lading  issued  for  freight  received 
to  be  shipped.  Copying  presses  are  generally  used 
for  this  purpose. 

The  agent  must  record  all  way  bills  received 
promptly  on  arrival  at  his  station  and  in  a  manner 
prescribed  by  the  accounting  department.  Upon  re- 
ceiving way  bills  for  freight  delivered  at  stations 
where  there  is  no  agent,  the  conductor  is  required  to 
certify  to  its  correct  delivery  on  the  face  of  the  way 
bill. 

He  must  require  consignees  to  receipt  for  freight 
and  make  payment  in  full  before  any  portion  of  a 
consignment  is  delivered,  but  in  the  event  that  two 
or  more  consignments  are  made  at  their  station  for 
the  same  consignee,  in  case  payment  has  been  re- 
ceived for  one  consignment,  such  consignment  may 
be  turned  over  to  the  consignee. 


88  TELEGRAPHY 

He  must  not  allow  freight  billed  "to  order  notify" 
to  leave  his  possession  until  the  bill  of  lading,  properly 
endorsed  by  the  shipper,  has  been  surrendered  to 
him,  unless  authorized  to  do  so  by  the  traffic  de- 
partment, and  in  such  instances  he  will  carefully  file 
his  authority  for  his  own  protection. 

Relief  agents  will  sign  the  agent's  name  upon  bills 
of  lading,  receipts,  etc.,  using  his  own  signature  also, 
as  John  Berton,  Agent,  by  M.  L.  Taylor,  and  he  is 
responsible  for  all  business  transacted  during  the 
time  he  is  in  charge. 

Agents  will  see  that  the  United  States  mail  pouches 
are  not  left  upon  the  platforms  unprotected,  and  when 
not  otherwise  provided  for,  he  must  carry  the  mail 
between  cars  and  the  post  office,  and  also  transfer 
mails  from  trains  to  connecting  trains  at  junctions, 
when  the  distance  does  not  exceed  eighty  rods. 

Agents  must  furnish  conductors  on  arrival  with  a 
list  of  all  station  switching  to  be  done  and  report 
failure  to  perform  the  work  properly. 

STATION  BAGGAGE  AGENT 

He  is  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  Superin- 
tendent and  makes  his  reports  to  him.  At  stations 
he  is  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  station  master,  but 
must  also  conform  to  instructions  issued  by  the 
traffic  and  accounting  departments. 

He  receives  all  baggage  to  be  forwarded  and  must 
check  it  in  accord  with  the  rules  regulating  such 
checking.  He  must  take  charge  of  all  baggage  and 
mail  left  at  his  stations. 

He  must  require  passengers  to  show  their  tickets 


DUTIES    OF   OFFICERS  89 

before  checking  their  baggage  in  order  to  avoid 
errors  in  routing  or  destination,  and  charge  the  ex- 
cess in  weight  over  the  amount  allowed  each  pas- 
senger as  extra  baggage  rates,  remitting  the  money 
as  directed. 

Corpses  are  accepted  for  transportation,  but  the 
utmost  precaution  is  taken  in  regard  to  cause  of 
death,  etc.  They  will  be  charged  at  first  class  pas- 
senger rates.  The  agent  must  hand  the  ticket  col- 
lected for  the  transportation  of  corpses  to  the  train 
baggage  master,  and  forward  all  claims  for  such  bag- 
gage to  the  general  passenger  agent,  giving  full  in- 
formation concerning  it. 

ROAD  FOREMAN  OF  ENGINES 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  road  foreman  of  engines  to 
test  the  efficiency  of  engines,  and  report  to  the  master 
mechanic  respecting  the  condition  of  engines,  the  re- 
quirements necessary  for  repairs,  etc. 

He  must  confer  with  the  Superintendent  or  train 
master  with  reference  to  the  tonnage  rating  and  the 
performance  of  engines. 

He  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  Superintendent 
of  motive  power  and  reports  to  him.  He  must  also 
work  in  conjunction  with  the  master  mechanic. 

ENGINEMAN 

He  reports  and  receives  instructions  from  the  Su- 
perintendent in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  move- 
ment of  trains,  and  must  obey  the  orders  of  the  train 
master.  At  stations  he  must  obey  the  orders  of 


9o  TELEGRAPHY 

the  yard  master  or  station  master  in  shifting  or 
making  up  trains. 

Before  starting  on  a  trip  he  is  required  to  com- 
pare the  time  with  the  conductor  of  his  train  and 
must  have  a  copy  of  the  current  time  table.  He 
must  also  examine  the  bulletin  book  before  and  after 
each  trip  and  he  is  required  to  sign  his  name  to 
all  orders. 

He  must  place  train  orders  in  full  view  before 
him  until  they  have  been  executed. 

He  must  promptly  obey  the  signals  given  him, 
even  if  he  feels  that  such  signals  are  unnecessary. 
When  in  doubt  as  to  the  significance  of  a  signal,  he 
must  stop  and  ascertain  the  cause  or  meaning,  and  if 
a  wrong  signal  is  shown,  he  must  report  the  fact  to 
the  train  master. 

Special  care  should  be  taken  in  coupling  and  shift- 
ing cars  to  avoid  damage  to  the  equipment  or  train- 
men, or  annoying  passengers. 

In  the  event  that  stock  is  killed  or  injured  he 
must  make  a  report  of  it  to  the  Superintendent  on 
the  prescribed  form. 

He  must  exercise  care  in  passing  over  long 
bridges,  trestles,  etc.,  to  see  that  the  grates  are  not 
shaken  or  ash  pans  left  open,  in  order  to  prevent  cin- 
ders or  fire  from  falling.  Ash  pans  are  to  be  cleaned 
at  points  designated  by  the  Superintendent. 

He  must  report  the  condition  of  his  engine  at  the 
end  of  each  trip  in  a  book  provided  for  the  purpose. 

The  engineer  and  fireman  are  equally  responsible 
for  the  protection  of  the  front  of  their  train  and  for 
the  proper  position  of  the  switches. 

He    must    observe    markers    frequently    and    see 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS  91 

that  his  train  is  complete,  and  as  far  as  possible  in 
good  order. 

He  must  provide  himself  with  a  red  lamp  and 
have  it  lighted  and  in  good  burning  order  with  tor- 
pedoes attached,  to  be  used  in  signaling  approaching 
trains  in  case  of  danger. 

When  standing  or  moving  about  the  yards  at 
night  he  is  required  to  display  a  red  light  in  the 
rear  of  the  engine. 

MASTER  MECHANIC 

He  is  held  responsible  for  sending  out  cars  in  a 
proper  condition  for  service.  He  must  also  see  that 
cars  are  supplied  with  signals,  lamps,  tools,  and  all 
necessary  equipment. 

He  must  also  make  sure  that  engines  are  inspected 
at  the  end  of  each  trip  and  that  proper  repairs  are 
made. 

The  master  mechanic  reports  to  and  receives  in- 
structions from  the  Superintendent  of  motive  power. 

ENGINE  HOUSE  FOREMAN 

He  must  report  to  the  master  mechanic,  who  will 
issue  instructions. 

He  must  see  that  engines  are  supplied  with  stores, 
tools,  signals,  lights,  water,  and  fuel,  and  that  they 
are  in  good  working  order.  He  must  also  see  that 
engines  are  properly  cleaned  at  the  end  of  every  trip 
and  that  repairs  are  made. 


92  TELEGRAPHY 

CAR  INSPECTOR 

The  car  inspector  receives  instructions  from  the 
master  mechanic  and  works  under  the  direction  of  the 
yard  or  station  master. 

He  is  required  to  inspect  all  cars  passing  his  station, 
examine  the  running  gear,  brake  fixtures,  and  safety 
appliances,  and  make  such  needed  repairs  as  he  can, 
and  he  must  send  to  the  shop  all  cars  unfit  for  service. 
Special  attention  is  required  on  cars  running  in  pas- 
senger trains,  and  he  must  permit  none  to  leave  his 
station  unless  in  good  running  order.  He  must  see 
that  cars  running  in  passenger  trains  are  properly 
washed  and  that  all  interior  fixtures  are  kept  clean 
and  in  good  repair,  that  such  cars  are  supplied  with 
fresh  water,  ice,  and  steam  heat  when  necessary,  and 
that  lamps  are  properly  trimmed  and  filled. 

SUPERVISOR  OF  BUILDINGS 

It  will  be  the  duty  of  the  supervisor  of  buildings  to 
construct  and  repair  all  buildings,  platforms,  or  water 
tanks,  and  all  other  structures,  except  bridges  and 
trestles. 

He  reports  to  the  engineer  of  roadway,  who  will 
issue  instructions  and  arrange  with  the  road  masters 
for  the  distribution  of  material. 

ROAD  MASTER 

He  is  required  to  keep  the  track,  road  bed,  bridges, 
trestles,  and  culverts  in  repair  at  all  times,  and  is 
often  obliged  to  make  emergency  repairs  to  tele- 
graph lines,  water  station  buildings,  and  platforms. 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS  93 

He  must  make  inquiry  into  the  cause  of  all  acci- 
dents and  report  fully  on  the  form  furnished. 

He  must  also  familiarize  himself  with  the  instruc- 
tions issued  for  the  government  of  trains  and  train- 
men. 

WORK  TRAINS 

Conductors  and  enginemen  of  work  trains  receive 
instructions  from  the  road  master. 

Work  trains  must  always  lie  over  at  telegraph  sta- 
tions at  night  and  report  immediately  to  the  Superin- 
tendent when  they  take  a  side  track  for  the  night,  and 
also  the  limits  they  want  the  next  day. 

TRESTLE  FOREMAN 

He  reports  to  and  receives  instructions  from  the 
road  master.  He  is  required  to  have  a  copy  of  the 
current  time  table. 

A  trestle  foreman  has  charge  of  repairs  of  bridges, 
trestles,  water  tanks,  mail  cranes,  and  fixed  signal 
stands,  and  he  must  promptly  report  any  defects  that 
may  come  under  his  observation. 

He  must  familiarize  himself  with  the  use  and  the 
meanings  of  signals,  and  must  see  that  they  are 
properly  used  and  understood  by  persons  employed 
under  him. 

When  making  repairs  of  track  care  must  be  taken 
to  protect  the  track  in  either  direction  from  trains. 

SECTION  FOREMAN 

A  section  foreman  reports  to  and  receives  instruc- 
tions from  the  road  master,  and  is  required  to  have  a 
copy  of  the  current  time  table. 


94  TELEGRAPHY 

He  has  charge  of  repairs  on  his  own  section,  and  is 
responsible  for  the  proper  inspection  and  the  safety 
of  tracks,  bridges,  trestles,  and  culverts. 

He  must  observe  carefully  the  signals  carried  by 
trains,  and  must  never  obstruct  the  track  without 
first  displaying  conspicuously  the  stop  signals. 

He  must  watch  the  telegraph  lines,  reset  poles  when 
necessary,  unite  wires  when  broken,  and  must  notify 
the  Superintendent  promptly  of  any  derangement  of 
the  wires. 

He  must  make  a  report  of  accidents  upon  pre- 
scribed forms  to  the  Superintendent's  office. 

He  must  examine  the  track  scales  frequently  to  see 
that  they  are  free  from  dirt  or  trash,  see  that  the  rails 
do  not  bind,  and  that  pits  are  kept  free  from  water. 

He  is  also  required  to  attend  personally  to  the 
opening  and  closing  of  switches. 

ROAD  AND  BRIDGE  WATCHMEN 

They  report  and  receive  instructions  from  the 
section  foreman. 

They  must  carefully  observe  the  rails,  and  see  that 
switches  are  set  and  locked  for  the  main  track,  that 
cars  left  on  a  siding  fully  clear  the  main  track,  and 
that  the  doors  of  loaded  cars  are  securely  fastened. 

They  must  also  examine  the  buildings  and  other 
property  of  the  company  and  protect  them  from 
theft  or  fire. 

GENERAL  RULES 

At  points  where  there  are  no  inspectors,  conductors 
will  act  as  such  and  observe  the  rules  of  inspectors. 


DUTIES    OF    OFFICERS  95 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  inspector  to  see  that  all  parts 
of  the  brake  and  signal  apparatus  are  in  good  order, 
and  he  must  not  allow  a  car  with  a  brake  in  a  defec- 
tive condition  in  a  passenger  train  without  instruc- 
tions from  the  proper  officer. 

Brake  cylinder  valves  must  be  examined  and  cleaned 
every  six  months  and  the  cylinders  oiled  every  three 
months.  A  record  must  be  kept  of  the  last  cleaning 
and  oiling  for  each  engine. 

The  main  reservoir  and  drain  cup  in  the  train  pipe 
under  the  tender  must  be  drained  after  each  trip. 
The  auxiliary  reservoirs  and  triple  valves  must  be 
drained  frequently  (daily  in  cold  weather)  and  the 
train  pipe  under  the  tender  blown  out. 

CAUTION 

All  employees  are  cautioned  to  be  courteous  to 
passengers  but  to  avoid  long  or  unnecessary  con- 
versations. 

In  order  to  become  a  successful  agent  or  operator, 
it  is  necessary  to  familiarize  oneself  with  the  duties 
of  the  different  departments. 


THE    LND 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW     * 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASS^SEP,  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  0&TH&  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  5O  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


nfiEtffVQN  lit 
L-cu  jCo    [842 

FEB  2  2  1396 

1     U*  h* 

>•    j-»    ratrtj^n  FV 

U,  C.  BcM&i-i-*-1 

LD  21-100m-7,'40  (6936s) 

YC 


9557 


